1. Propositions of Fact Assert truth or falsity. “Animal shelters in this area regularly euthanize cats.” Requirements: Sufficient evidence Show relevance of evidence

2. Propositions of Value Assert relative worth. “Spaying and neutering of domestic cats is humane.” Requirements. Show relevance of criteria to value Give evidence concerning relation of evidence to criteria

3. Propositions of Policy Advocate actions be taken. “The California legislature should require the spaying and neutering of domestic cats.” Requirements

4. Propositions of Policy Requirements: Show significant problem Demonstrate inherency Develop policy to reduce problem Compare benefits with costs of solution.

5. Exercise C 1. Value 2. Policy 3. Fact 4. Policy 5. Value 6. Fact 7. Value 8. Policy 9. Fact 10. Policy

6. Exercise D 2. Value: The United States’ failure to intervene in Rwanda is unconscionable, as this refusal shows an utter disregard for human rights. 3. Policy: Four of five dentists recommend sugarless gum to their patients who chew gum, so you should chew sugarless gum.

7. Exercise D 4. Fact: The plant could have been knocked off the shelf by you, a ghost, or an earthquake, so, we both know how the plant got knocked off the shelf. [That is, you knocked the plant off the shelf.] 5. Policy: All religions teach more or less the same thing, so they should be regarded as equally legitimate.

8. Exercise D 6. Policy: Gambling is something which cannot be stopped. Therefore, gambling should be legalized. 7. Value: Japanese corporations are run more fairly than American corporations are because decisions in Japanese companies are made by groups, not individuals.

9. Exercise D 8. Fact: Nuclear arms have prevented war in the past, so they will do the same in the future. 9. Policy: We should give Abaji the new car because it would motivate the other employees to work harder. 10. Value: State lotteries are morally unacceptable because they tend to cheat the poorest members of society out of their much needed monetary resources.