1. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY AGR 3101

2. The course focuses on:
Morphology (external plant structure)
Anatomy (internal plant structure)
Taxonomy (plant nomenclature, identification and classification)

3. GROWTH HABITS OF PLANTS
Herb (Herba)
Shrub (Renek)
Tree (Berpokok)
Climber
(Memanjat)
Epiphyte (Epifit)
Parasite
(Parasit)
Saprophyte
(Saprofit)
Xerophyte
(Zerofit)
Mesophyte
(Mesofit)
Hydrophyte
(Hidrofit)

4. Herb A non-woody plant; annual, biennial or perennial; with short-lived above ground organs.
e.g. onion, padi, corn, banana
Shrub
A low lying woody perennial, having branches arising from the lower part of the stem.
e.g. chilli, roses, hibiscus

5. Tree A woody perennial,tall, with a single trunk and produces branches at the upper region.
e.g. durian, rambutan, tamarind
Climber A plant with a long slender stem, produces branches and have specialised organ to cling to a support.
e.g. bittergourd, pepper, pumpkin

6. Epiphyte A plant that grows on another plant but does not absorb food/nutrients from it (non-parasitic).
e.g. Vanda orchid
Parasite A plant that grows on another plant and absorbs food/nutrients from it, to the extent of causing damage and death to the plant
e.g. Loranthus spp.

7. Saprophyte A plant that lives on decayed material or organic matter rich in nutrients such as in the axils of leaf sheaths of oil palm.
e.g. ferns
Xerophyte A plant that lives in a dry habitat or places that lack water.
e.g. cactus and some ferns

8. Mesophyte A plant that lives in a habitat with optimum supply of water; mainly field and horticultural crops of moist tropical and temperate regions.
e.g. rubber, fruit species, forest species
Hydrophyte A plant that lives in water, either floating on the water surface or submerged, or thrives in muddy swamps, rivers and lakes. e.g. water lily, lotus

9. LIFE SPAN OF PLANTS Annual (Semusim) Biennial (Dua musim)
Perennial (Saka)

10. Annual
A plant that complete its life cycle in one year or less (undergoes vegetative growth, flowers, produces fruits and seeds, and finally dies)
e.g. paddy, wheat, barley
Biennial A plant that complete its life cycle in two years/seasons (undergoes vegetative growth in the first year/season and reproductive growth in the second year/season, and finally dies)
e.g. carrot, radish

11. Perennial A plant that lives for many years (more than two years), some may reach up to a hundred year. The stem is either woody or herbaceous.
Herbaceous perennial (Saka herba)
e.g. banana, ginger, languas
Woody perennial (Saka berkayu)
e.g. mangosteen, durian, dokong

12. MORPHOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS
Study on the external structures of higher plants : Root Stem (Vegetative) Leaf
Flower Fruit (Reproductive) Seed

13. Plant Structure

14. ROOT SYSTEMS 1. Tap root system - Dicotyledons
Fibrous root system - Monocotyledons
Adventitious root system

15. Tap root
Dicotyledons
Fibrous root
Monocotyledons

17. Tap root

18. L
Fibrous root system
Adventitious roots

19. ROOT MODIFICATIONS Climbing roots Prop/stilt roots Epiphytic roots
Buttress roots
Pneumatophores

20. Buttress roots
Epiphytic roots
Climbing roots
Prop roots
Pneumatophores

21. ROOT MODIFICATION FOR STORAGE
fascicled
fusiform
conical
napiform
napiform
tuberous

22. STRUCTURE OF A ROOT TIP Vascular tissue Tisu vaskular Lateral root
Root hairs
Maturation zone
Elongation zone
Root cap