1. Rosids: Fabids
Spring 2012

2. Fig. 8.1

3. Rosids – Major Points Comprise about 25% of all angiosperms
Includes two main clades: fabids and malvids
Main support for monophyly from molecular data
No clear morphological synapomorphies, but tendencies to have perianths with unfused parts and a stamen merosity > calyx or corolla, although there are many exceptions
Extreme variation in habit (trees, shrubs, herbs, vines, etc.) as well as extensive proliferation of floral syndromes, including wind, insect, bird, and bat pollination
Transition from apocarpy to syncarpy as seen before; fusion and embellishment of floral parts

4. Fig. 8.30

5. Core Eudicots: The Rosids
Fabids:
Order Malpighiales
Order Fabales
Order Rosales
Order Cucurbitales
Order Fagales
Malvids:
Order Myrtales
Order Brassicales
Order Malvales
Order Sapindales

6. Core Eudicots: The Rosids - Fabids
Order Malpighiales
Euphorbiaceae* – Spurges
Salicaceae* – Willows and poplars
Violaceae – Violets
Order Fabales
Fabaceae* – Beans
Order Rosales
Rosaceae* – Roses
Moraceae – Figs, mulberries
Ulmaceae – Elms
Order Cucurbitales
Curcurbitaceae* – Cucumbers, squashes
Begoniaceae – Begonias
Order Fagales
Betulaceae – Birches
Fagaceae – Oaks, beeches, chestnuts
Juglandaceae – Walnuts, hickories
*Family required for recognition

7. Rosids-Fabids: Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae (The Spurge Family)
Widespread, but most diverse in tropical regions
Trees, shrubs, herbs, or vines, sometimes succulent; leaves usually alternate
Diversity: ca. 6,300 species in genera
Flowers: Unisexual; sepals 2-6; petals 0-5; carpels usually 3, ovule 1 per locule; styles usually 3 and sometimes divided; inflorescences often highly modified; fruit a schizocarp, seeds usually arillate
Significant features: Often with latex/laticifers (toxic)
Special uses: rubber (Hevea), cassava/manioc (Manihot), poinsettia (Euphorbia), ornamentals
Required taxa: Euphorbia

8. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia
Ca. 2,400 species
White latex (usually)
One female and few to many male flowers aggregated into a cyathium (one type of false flower or pseudanthium)
Cyathium subtended by modified leaves (cyathophylls)

9. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia cyathium
From the Euphorbia
PBI website

10. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia
Digital Flowers

11. castor bean ~ poisonous seeds
Euphorbiaceae
Castor oil plant (Ricinus communis)
castor bean ~ poisonous seeds ^

12. Euphorbiaceae
Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) ^

13. Euphorbiaceae ^ Tapioca, Cassava (Manihot) Manihot esculenta
cassava, tapioca ^

14. Euphorbiaceae
Tung oil (Aleurites)
Aleurites fordii
tung-oil tree ^

15. Rosids-Fabids: Malpighiales: Salicaceae (The Willow or Poplar Family)
Widespread, from tropical to north temperate and boreal regions
Trees or shrubs
Diversity: 1,200 species in genera
Flowers: bisexual or unisexual; sepals 3-8; petals 3-8; stamens 2-∞; carpels 2-4, connate, in superior ovary; fruit variable
Significant features: leaves simple, often with salicoid teeth; salicin in most; includes what was formerly called the “Flacourtiaceae”
Special uses: lumber, shade trees, ornamentals
Required taxa: Populus, Salix

16. Salicaceae: Salix -bud scale single -catkins usually erect
or ascending
-flowers unisexual
-each flower with 1-4
basal nectar glands
-stamens 1-12
-mainly insect pollination

17. Salicaceae: Populus -bud scales several, overlapping
-catkins arching or
drooping
-flowers unisexual
-each flower with a basal
cup-like disk
-stamens 8-numerous
-wind-pollination

18. Rosids-Fabids: Malpighiales: Violaceae (The Violet Family)
Widespread, but predominantly herbs of temperate regions
Herbs, shrubs, or trees
Diversity: species in genera
Flowers: Sepals 5; petals 5; 5 connivent stamens; carpels usually 3, connate, superior ovary; fruit usually a loculicidal capsule
Significant features: Zygomorphy, nectar spurs; floral cleistogamy
Special uses: Violets grown primarily as ornamentals
Family not required

19. Violaceae: connivent stamens

20. Violaceae: Viola -mostly herbs, some shrubs -flowers zygomorphic
-lower petal spurred
-spring flowers open-pollinated,
summer flowers remaining
closed (cleistogamous)

21. Rosids-Fabids: Fabales: Fabaceae (The Legume Family)
Nearly cosmopolitan
Herbs, vines, trees, shrubs with usually alternate, stipulate, pinnately to palmately compound leaves (sometimes unifoliolate or simple)
Diversity: 19,500 species, genera – THIRD LARGEST FAMILY of angiosperms
Flowers: a short, cup-like hypanthium present; sepals & petals usually 5, free or connate; petals all alike or the uppermost 1 differentiated (banner), the lower 2 forming a keel or flaring apart; stamens 5 or 10-many, if connate then monadelphous or diadelphous; carpel 1, on a short stalk (gynophore); fruit is a legume (Duh!) but sometimes modified
Significant features: High nitrogen metabolism w/ unusual amino acids, often with root nodules with N-fixing bacteria; leaf and leaflet pulvinuses well developed; endosperm often lacking; wide range of floral diversity; 3 subfamilies but 1 is not monophyletic
Special uses: Many!! Beans, peas, peanuts, soybean, clover, ornamentals (Mimosa, Bauhinia); lumber, dyes, resins
Required taxa: Glycine, Trifolium, Mimosa, Cercis, Gleditsia and the three subfamilies

22. Fabaceae vegetative characters
root nodules
pulvinus
compound leaves

23. Fabaceae floral characters
Diadelphous stamens:
9 + 1
Perigynous flower, short hypanthium
gynophore
Marginal (parietal) placentation

24. Fabaceae fruit and seed characters
non-endospermous
seeds
legumes,
loments,
etc.

25. Mimosoideae “Caesalpinioideae” Papilionoideae Leaves pinnately
Leaves usually
twice pinnately
compound
Fls actinomorphic,
petals valvate,
distinct or basally
fused
Stamens 10-many,
“Caesalpinioideae”
Leaves usually
pinnately or twice
pinnately compound
Fls + weakly zygomorphic,
upper petal usually
innermost; petals distinct
Stamens 5 or 10, distinct
Papilionoideae
Leaves pinnately
compound to
trifoliolate
Fls zygomorphic,
upper petal (banner)
outermost; well
defined wings and keel
Stamens 10,
monadelphous or
diadelphous

26. Fabaceae – Subfamily Mimosoideae
Albizia julibrissin
Acacia sp.

27. Fabaceae: Mimosoideae
Actinomorphic
tubular
flowers
in heads
many stamens, not fused
Albizia julibrissin
mimosa, silktree

28. Fabaceae: Mimosoideae: Mimosa
-woody or herbaceous
-often armed (with prickles)
-leafstalk without glands
-flowers in heads or rarely
racemes or spikes
-stamens 10 or fewer

29. Fabaceae – Subfamily “Caesalpinioideae”

30. Fabaceae: “Caesalpinioideae”
zygomorphic flower
pulvinus
Stamens not fused
-10 or fewer
Senna obtusifolia
sicklepod

31. Fabaceae: “Caesalpinioideae”: Cercis
-unarmed
-leaves simple,
palmately veined
-flowers clustered,
appearing before leaves
-corolla rose to
pink-purple
Cercis canadensis - redbud

32. Fabaceae: “Caesalpinioideae”: Gleditsia
-armed (with thorns)
-leaves 1- or 2-pinnate
-flowers small, unisexual or
bisexual
-staminate inflorescences
catkin-like, pendent
-fertile inflorescences with
bisexual or carpellate flowers
Honey locust

33. Fabaceae – Subfamily Faboideae

34. Fabaceae: Faboideae Petals unequal: banner wings keel
monadelphous stamens
Crotalaria
spectabilis
showy rattlebox
bacterial root nodule

35. Crotalaria spectabilis
Fabaceae: Faboideae
Petals unequal:
banner
wings
keel
Crotalaria spectabilis
showy rattlebox

36. Fabaceae: Faboideae
Lathyrus
sweet-pea
Digital Flowers

37. Fabaceae: Faboideae: Glycine
-leaves pinnately 3-foliolate
-inflorescence a raceme
-stamens diadelphous
-seeds few per pod

38. Fabaceae: Faboideae: Trifolium
-leaves palmately (or
pinnately) foliolate with
usually 3 leaflets
-inflorescences racemose
but often appearing
head-like
-stamens diadelphous
-fruits enclosed by the
persistent corolla
-seeds 1-6 per pod

39. Rosids-Fabids: Rosales: Rosaceae (The Rose Family)
Cosmopolitan, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere
Herbs, shrubs or trees (75% woody plants)
Diversity: 2,500-3,000 species in genera
Flowers: Showy, actinomorphic, hypanthium present; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens usually numerous; carpels 1 to many, apocarpous or syncarpous; ovary superior or inferior; fruit can be a follicle, achene, pome, drupe, or associated with expanded receptacle
Significant features: Wide range of fruit evolution within family; leaves alternate, stipules present
Special uses: Fruits (apples, pears, berries), ornamental herbs, trees, and shrubs; lumber, perfumery
Required taxa: Rubus, Prunus

40. Rosaceae: Rosa -shrubs, often prickly -leaves pinnately compound
-ovary superior
-hypanthium + globose and
fleshy, contracted at
the mouth
-carpels numerous
-fruit an achene

41. Rosaceae: Rubus* -herbaceous to shrubby, usually with prickles
-leaves often compound
with 3 to 7 leaflets
-carpels usually numerous,
borne on an elongate
receptacle
-fruit a drupelet, forming an
aggregate fruit (blackberries
and raspberries)
*required for recognition

42. Rosaceae: Prunus* -trees or shrubs -bark with prominent
horizontal lenticels
-ovary superior
-carpel solitary
-fruit a drupe,
endocarp stony
*required for recognition

43. Rosaceae: Malus -trees with simple leaves -ovary inferior, with
5 carpels
-mature carpels papery
or softly leathery
-fruit a pome, lacks stone cells

44. Rosids-Fabids: Rosales: Moraceae (The Fig Family)
Widespread, from tropical to temperate regions
Trees, shrubs, or vines (sometimes herbs)
Diversity: 1,500 species in 53 genera
Flowers: Unisexual, inconspicuous; tepals 0-4 or 5 (-8); carpels usually 2, connate, superior ovary; inflorescences cymose, highly modified, compact, receptacle expanded; fruit is a drupe, often in a multiple fruit structure (syconium).
Significant features: laticifers/latex throughout the plant
Special uses: figs (Ficus), mulberries (Morus), breadfruit (Artocarpus), ornamentals, e.g. osage orange (Maclura)
Family not required

45. Moraceae Dorstenia Ficus carica – Cultivated Fig Artocarpus
(breadfruit)
Maclura pomifera
Osage orange
Morus rubra - Mulberry

46. Moraceae: Ficus -shrubs or trees -connate stipules enclosing
the terminal buds
-leaves with entire margins
-flowers minute, borne
inside the syconium
-wasp-pollinated

47. Moraceae – The Fig and The Fig Wasp

48. Rosids-Fabids: Rosales: Ulmaceae (The Elm Family)
Widely distributed; maximal diversity in temperate regions of N. Hemisphere
Trees with alternate, 2-ranked leaves
Diversity: 35 species in 6 genera
Flowers: Small, inconspicuous; tepals 4-9; stamens 4-9; carpels 2, connate, superior ovary; fruit a samara or nutlet, seeds flat
Significant features: Leaves simple with pinnate venation, margins simply or doubly serrate, blade base asymmetrical; endosperm of a single layer
Special uses: Elms provide lumber; some trees used as ornamentals
Family not required

49. Ulmaceae: Ulmus

50. Rosids-Fabids: Cucurbitales: Cucurbitaceae (The Cucumber or Squash Family)
Widespread in the tropics and subtropics, a few in temperate regions
Herbaceous or soft woody vines with scabrous stems and palmately veined/lobed leaves and usually with tendrils
Diversity: 900 species in genera
Flowers: hypanthium present; sepals & petals 5, usually connate; stamens 3-5; carpels usually 3; ovary half-inferior or inferior; fruit usually a berry (with hardened rind a pepo); seeds flattened, the seed coat with several layers
Significant features: wide range of floral diversity, “toothed” leaves lacking stipules; female flowers epiperigynous
Special uses: cucumbers (Cucumis), pumpkins, gourds, and squashes (Cucurbita), watermelons (Citrullus) etc. are eaten for fruits and seeds; Luffa, some ornamentals
Required taxa: family only

51. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita
-trailing herbs
-leaves large, cordate-
angled or lobed
-flowers large, solitary in axils
-corolla campanulate, deeply
5-lobed
-ovaries and fruits smooth or hairy,
not prickly
-fruits large, with a firm rind
-gourds, squashes, pumpkin

52. Rosids-Fabids: Cucurbitales: Begoniaceae (The Begonia Family)
Widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics
Herbs or soft woody shrubs
Diversity: ca. 1,400 species in 2 genera (all but one species in Begonia)
Flowers: Unisexual; tepals petaloid, 2-10 but usually 4 in 2 whorls (staminate) and 5 in 1 whorl (pistillate); carpels usually 3, connate; inferior ovary; fruit a loculicidal capsule, usually winged
Significant features: Soft herbs, typically of shaded habitats; stigmas elongated, twisted, yellow, papillose
Special uses: primarily ornamentals
Family not required

53. Begoniaceae: Begonia -winged ovaries Carpellate Flowers
Staminate Flowers
-winged ovaries

54. Rosids-Fabids: Fagales: Fagaceae (The Oak and Beech Family)
Widespread, in tropical to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere
Trees and shrubs
Diversity: species in 7 genera
Flowers: Unisexual (monoecious); tepals usually 6 and reduced, inconspicuous; stamens 4-many; carpels 3 (-12), connate, inferior ovary; fruit a nut, associated with a spiny or scaly cupule
Significant features: Male inflorescences in dangling catkins; female inflorescences in sessile clusters
Special uses: edible nuts (chestnuts), lumber, tannin, cork; ornamental trees
Family not required

55. Fagaceae: Quercus Bark pale to dark but scaly or furrowed
Buds clustered at twig tips, ovate
Leaves lobed or unlobed
Male flowers in drooping catkins
Cupule saucer-like or cup-shaped
Nut circular in cross-section

56. Fagaceae: Fagus Bark light gray, smooth
Buds solitary at twig tips, slender and acute
Leaves unlobed, strongly straight-veined
Male flowers in a rounded head
Cupule with 4 valves
Nut compressed or triangular

57. Rosids-Fabids: Fagales: Betulaceae (The Birch Family)
Widespread, in temperate to boreal regions, primarily of the northern hemisphere
Trees or shrubs; leaves doubly serrate
Diversity: 140 species in 6 genera
Flowers: Unisexual (monoecious); tepals (0-) 1-4 (-6), highly reduced; stamens 1-4; carpels 2, connate, inferior ovary; fruit an achene, nut or 2-winged samara
Significant features: Flowers in erect (female) or pendant (male) catkins (aments); staminate and carpellate flowers in separate inflorescences
Special uses: hazel nuts edible; lumber, shade trees, ornamentals
Family not required

58. Betulaceae: Betula Outer bark often separating in thin sheets
Carpellate and staminate flowers both in bracteate catkins
Carpellate catkins ovoid to cylindrical, with 2-3 flowers per bract and the bracts papery (bracteate dichasia)
Staminate flowers 3 per bract; stamens 2, bifid

59. Rosids-Fabids: Fagales: Juglandaceae (The Walnut and Hickory Family)
Widespread from tropical to temperate regions
Aromatic trees; leaves pinnately compound or trifoliolate, usually alternate and spiral
Diversity: 59 species in 8 genera
Flowers: Unisexual (monoecious or dioecious); tepals 0-4, inconspicuous; stamens 3-many; carpels usually 2, connate, ovary inferior; fruit a nut or nutlet
Significant features: Fruit often associated with bracts or bracteoles that form an outer “husk”
Special uses: fruits of hickories (Carya) and walnuts (Juglans) are eaten; walnut and hickory are valued for their lumber; some ornamentals
Family not required

60. Juglandaceae: Juglans
Twigs with chambered pith
Leaflets all about the same or the median ones largest
Staminate catkins sessile, solitary
Nut with an indehiscent, usually rough or furrowed husk

61. Juglandaceae: Carya Twigs with solid pith Apical leaflets largest
Staminate catkins sessile or pedunculate, in clusters
Nut with a dehiscent or partially dehiscent, often smooth husk