1. World History: The Earth and its Peoples
Chapter 21
Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World,

2. Objectives
Understand the economic and ideological causes of the American, the French, and the Haitian Revolutions..
Be able to discuss and compare the course of the American, the French, and the Haitian revolutions and analyze the reasons for and the significance of the different outcomes of these three revolutions.
Understand the successes and the shortcomings of the conservative reaction to the French Revolution as seen in the actions of the Congress of Vienna and the Holy Alliance.
Be able to describe the causes and results of agitation for the extension of democratic rights and national self-determination in Europe and the United States of America in the nineteenth-century up to the 1870s..

3. Prelude to Revolution Revolutionary Reasons Enlightenment
cost of European wars
Dutch vs Spain / Portugal
England vs Spain / Dutch
England vs France
new taxes to pay for war
fiscal crisis
intellectual / political thought
debate and confrontation
attacks on customs / cultures
Enlightenment
Scientific Revolution to society
Copernicus, Galileo, Newton
categorization
Denis Diderot
Carolus Linnaeus

4. Prelude to Revolution Political Thought John Locke
“life, liberty, and property”
right to rebellion
individual rights as foundation
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
will of people sacred
monarch legitimacy
not always anti-monarch
royal interest vs Republicanism
Catherine the Great
Frederick the Great
clergy / noble power
tax revenues
middle class expansion
salon philosophy
freeing of human potential
rejection of colonialism

5. American Revolution, 1775-1800 British Problems - post 1763
colonist settlements
taxes for defense
King George III
Amerindian relations
Pontiac Rebellion
Virginia raids
Proclamation of 1763
slow western settlement
Stamp Act of 1765
printed material
Colonist reaction
boycotts, organization, vandalism, intimidation
Boston
British Response
military rule

6. American Revolution, 1775-1800 Revolutionary Road
Lexington and Concord
Continental Congress
George Washington
Common Sense
July 4, 1776
Saratoga
Mohawk
Joseph Brant
French
Yorktown
Gen. Charles Cornwallis
Treaty of Paris
unconditional surrender
prewar debt

7. American Revolution, 1775-1800 Republican Institutions
state constitutions
written
formal ratification
bill of individual rights
Articles of Confederation
1st constitution
one house, one vote
rule by committee
Shay’s Rebellion
weakness of Articles
Constitutional Convention
2nd American Revolution
three branches
white-male landowners
1808

8. The French Revolution, 1789-1815
French Society
3 Estates
1st - clergy
2nd - nobles
3rd - all others
80% peasants
problems
poor harvests
inflation
unemployment
violence
rural
increased taxes
urban
increased prices
non-revolutionary

9. The French Revolution, 1789-1815
War Expenses
Austrian / Spanish Succession
French and Indian War
50% budget / debt
new taxes on nobility
Louis XVI
support for American Revolution
Assembly of Notables
deny King new taxes
Estates General
1614
1st and 2nd Estates alliance
3rd Estate ultimatum
National Assembly

10. The French Revolution, 1789-1815
Oath of the Tennis Court
pledge not to separate
Louis amasses troops
Crisis
bread prices
1/3 unemployment
Bastille
July 14, 1789
rural peasant uprisings
tax reform
Declaration of the Rights of Man
American ideals
individual freedoms
representative government

11. The French Revolution, 1789-1815
March to Versailles - Oct. 1789
women and bread
royal return to Paris
National Assembly
radical constitution
limit monarchial power
abolition of nobility
seizing of church lands
The Terror
January 1793
Louis’ date with Monsieur Guillotine
Jacobins
majority democrats
Mountain
Maximilien Robespierre

12. The French Revolution, 1789-1815
Return to Conservatism
military use on demonstrations
return of Catholic Church
Directory
Napoleon Bonaparte
popular authoritarianism
result of Reign of Terror
women lose power
military reputation = order
Napoleonic Code
equality in law
protection of property
military success as key
Portugal (1807) Spain (1808)
Russia (1812)