1. Male repro system functions
Testes- produce sperm & male sex hormone- testosterone
Ducts – transport, store, & assist in maturation of sperm
Accessory sex glands- secrete most of liquid portion of semen
Penis- contains urethra
passageway for ejaculation of semen
excretion of urine

2. Male repro anatomy

3. Functions of each structure
Scrotum- “bag”
supporting structure for testes
loose skin & superficial fascia
hangs from root of penis
Testes- paired oval glands
develop near kidneys & descend into scrotum in latter half of 7th fetal month
Sperm produced in seminiferous tubules
Adjacent to seminiferous tubules are
Leydig cells -secrete testosterone.

4. Structure/Functions (2)
Epididymis- lies along posterior border of each testis
each consists of tightly coiled ductus epididymis
where sperm motility ↑ over day pd
ductus stores & helps propel sperm by peristaltic contraction of it smooth muscle
Sperm may be stored for a month or more

6. Structure/Functions (3)
Ductus deferens or vas deferens- 18 in
stores sperm, can remain viable several months
sperm not ejaculated are reabsorbed
(as can happen in epididymis)
Cut during vasectomy
Ejaculatory ducts- 1 in, formed by union of seminal vesicle & ampulla of vas deferens
eject sperm & seminal vesicle secretions just before ejaculation - powerful propulsion of semen from urethra to exterior of body

7. Structure/functions (4)
Urethra- shared terminal duct of reproductive & urinary system
Passes thru:
prostate gland (prostatic urethra)
urogenital diaphragm (membraneous urethra)
penis (spongy urethra)
Penis- passageway for ejaculation of semen & excretion of urine

8. Glands (1)
Seminal vesicles- lies posterior to urinary bladder, anterior to rectum
Function: secrete an:
alkaline (neutralize acidic environment of male urethra), viscous fluid that contains fructose (ATP production), prostaglandins (contribute to sperm motility & viability)
may also stimulate:
muscular contraction in female reproductive tract
clotting proteins
About 60% of volume of semen

9. Glands (2)
Prostate gland- inferior to urinary bladder & surrounds prostatic urethra
Secretes milky fluid that contains:
1. Citric acid- used in ATP production
2. Acid phosphatase- function unknown
3. Proteolytic enzymes- pepsinogen, lysozyme, amylase, and hyaluronidase
About 25% volume of semen

10. Glands (3)
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands- inferior to prostate on either side of membraneous urethra
During sexual arousal secrete an alkaline substance that protects passing sperm by neutralizing acids from urine in urethra
Also secrete mucus- lubricating end of penis & lining urethra to ↓ # of sperm damaged during ejaculation

11. Descent of Testes
In both sexes, gonads originate in lumbar region & descend caudally during fetal development
In male fetus, testes descend toward scrotum, followed by their blood vessels & nerves
testes require a cool location for sperm formation
testes reach pelvis near inguinal region in month 3
testes proceed no further until month 7, when they suddenly & quickly pass thru the inguinal canal & enter the scrotum

13. Parts of spermatozoan Head- contains nuclear material & acrosome
Acrosome- dense lysosome-like body in head of sperm cell
contains enzymes that facilitate penetration of sperm cell into secondary oocyte
Midpiece- contain numerous mitochondria
provides ATP for locomotion
Tail- typical flagellum
propels sperm

15. Gametes are haploid
Haploid- (n) having half the # of chromosomes characteristically found in somatic cells of an organism
Sperm
Oocyte
Diploid- (2n) having the # of chromosomes characteristically found in the somatic cells of an organism

16. Meiosis vs. Mitosis
Meiosis- cell division during production of gametes
2 successive nuclear divisions resulting in daughter cells with haploid number chromosomes
2n  n
Mitosis- division of nucleus that ensures each new daughter nucleus has same number & kind of chromosomes as original parent nucleus
Process includes the 2 full sets of chromosomes sent into 2 separate & equal nuclei
Daughter cells have diploid number of chromosomes
2n  2n

17. Maturation of sperm

18. Hormonal control of spermatogenesis

20. Hormone producing cells
Sertoli cells- supporting cell of seminiferous tubules
secretes fluid for supplying nutrients to sperm
Secrete hormone inhibin
phagocytizes excess cytoplasm for spermatogenic cells
mediates effects of FSH & testosterone
Secrete Mullerian–inhibiting substance during fetal development
Leydig cells- secretes testosterone
located in CT between seminiferous tubules

21. Negative feedback loop for testosterone

22. Female repro structures
Ovaries produce 2° oocytes and hormones
Estrogens, progesterone, inhibin, relaxin
Uterine tubes transport 2° oocyte to uterus. Also, site of fertilization
Uterus- implantation, fetal development, labor
Vagina receives penis during intercourse, passageway for childbirth
Mammary glands- synthesize, secrete, eject milk for nourishment of newborn

24. Oogenesis
During fetal development, primordial germ cells migrate: yolk sac ovaries
Germs cells in ovary = oogonia
Are diploid
Most degenerate– atresia
Few develop into primary oocytes which enter prophase I of meiosis during fetal development do not complete until puberty
1° oocyte surrounded by follicular cells= primordial follicle

25. Primary oocyte development
200,000– 2,000,000 oocytes/ovary at birth
40,000 still present at puberty
 400 will mature and ovulate
Monthly: FSH & LH stimulate development of several primordial follicles, typically only one matures enough to be ovulated
Primary follicle  secondary follicle  Graafian follicle follicle ruptures = ovulation
See figure 28.13

29. Oogenesis
One female gamete (haploid) forms from one oogonium (diploid)
How many male gametes are formed from one diploid spermatogonium?
Table 28.1 summarizes

31. Hormonal Control of Ovulation

32. Female hormone functions

35. Human sexual response 4 stages:
Excitement = arousal, ParasympNS causes vasocongestion
HR & bp, skeletal muscle tone, hypervent
Plateau– excitement sustained intensely, sex flush=redness of face & chest
Orgasm- briefest, ejaculation, muscular contractions in both sexes. SympNS causes smooth muscle contraction of genitals
Resolution- relaxation & return to unaroused state