1. Atmospheric general circulations
1. Single-cell Model
Thermally driven circulation (direct circulation)

2. 2. ITCZ: Intertropical Convergence Zone

3. 3. Hadley circulation
30 degree
North
South

4. 4. Subtropical highs

5. 5. Three cell model
Polar cell: direct cell
Ferrel cell:
indirect cell

6. Global Atmospheric Circulation Model
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7. 6. Monsoons
Does not mean “rainy season”, it refers to a wind system that exhibits
a pronounced seasonal reversal in direction.
Asian Monsoon
The raining season begins around the beginning of June and fade away by the end of September

8. The North American Monsoon
The North American Monsoon occurs from late May or early June into
September, originating over Mexico and spreading into the southwest
United States by mid July.

9. 1. Open-Ocean Wind driven Surface Current
Ocean Currents
1. Open-Ocean Wind driven Surface Current

10. 2. Ekman Effect

11. Ekman Spiral , Ekman transport The integrated water
mass transport is at
the right angle, 90
degree, to the wind
direction, known as
Ekman transport.
Ekman
layer
Ekman
layer

12. 3. Ocean Gyres

13. 4. Equatorial Upwelling

14. 5. Coastal Upwelling and Downwelling

15. 6. Oceanic surface currents

16. 7. Gulf Stream

17. Arctic Ocean
Barents
Sea
8. Western
intensification

18. Oceanic eddies
Land + _

19. 9. Deep ocean circulation
heating
cooling
New idea
Upper surface water increases its density either directly by cooling or indirectly when ice freezes out to eject salt, and thus, increasing the density of the remaining water.
1. North Atlantic cooling effect in the winter.
2. Antarctic freezing effect

20. 10. Deep water formation a. North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW)
Source: Norwegian sea, Greenland Sea
Labrador Sea
b. Mediterranean Deep Water (MIW)
Source: Mediterranean Sea
c. Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW)
Sources: Margins of Antarctic continent,
Wedell Sea, and Ross Sea
d. Pacific Intermediate Water (PIW)
Sources: Bering Sea
Greenland Sea
Labrador Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Wedell Sea
Ross Sea

21. 11. Deep ocean conveyer belt circulation
NADW
AADW

22. Ocean Circulation
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