1. Reproduction
Ch. 28

2. Male Reproductive System
Objectives
Describe location, structure, and function of the organs of the male reproductive system.
Discuss the process of spermatogenesis in the testes.

3. Organs of the Male Testes – produce sperm and secrete hormones
System of ducts (epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra) – transports and stores sperm, assists in maturation
Accessory sex glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands) – adds fluid to semen
Supporting structures – scrotum and penis – delivery and support

4. Organs

5. WORD BANK
Vas deferens
Scrotum
Urethra
Prostate
Epididymus
Bladder
Teste
Seminal Vesicle

6. Organs Scrotum (bag) – supporting structure for testes Loose skin
Internally scrotum is divided into two sacs – one for each testis
Location of testes is vital to sperm survival
2-3 degrees below normal body temperature
In cold – muscles pull the scrotum closer to the body to keep sperm warm
In warm – opposite occurs

7. Organs Testes or testicles Epididymis
Descend during 7th month of pregnancy
Where sperm are made during spermatogenesis
Epididymis
Comma-shaped organ along the border of each testis
Site of sperm maturation – sperm acquire motility and ability to fertilize (14 days)
Stores sperm for up to several months

8. Organs Ductus deferens or vas deferens Ejaculatory ducts Urethra
Along border of epididymis and up around bladder
Pushes sperm during arousal toward the urethra
Also stores sperm for several months
Ejaculatory ducts
Eject sperm and seminal vesicle secretions before release of semen
Urethra
Passageway for urine and semen

9. Organs Seminal vesicles Prostate
Pouch like structures at base of bladder
Secrete alkaline fluid with fructose, clotting proteins, prostaglandins
Alkaline fluid neutralizes female acidity in vagina
Fructose is for ATP production in sperm for their swim
Clotting proteins help semen coagulate after ejaculation
Prostate
Doughnut shaped, golf ball sized organ
Secrete antibiotic for bacteria in urethra or vagina

10. Organs Bulbourethral glands or Cowper’s glands
Secrete alkaline fluid into urethra that protects sperm from urine
Secretes mucus for lubrication of external penis and urethra

11. Semen Mixture of sperm and seminal fluid
Seminal fluid from seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands
Contains mL of fluid with million sperm/mL
20 million/mL or lower is considered infertile
Slightly basic ( ); milky appearance, sticky consistency
Seminal fluid provides sperm with nutrients, transportation, protection

12. Penis
Contains urethra and passageway for ejaculation of semen and urine
Glans penis – head of penis
Erection – result of increased blood supply to penile tissue

13. Penis

14. Penis Circumcision – removal of foreskin Vasectomy
Cleaner and decreases risk of infection or disease
Vasectomy
Sterilization of males
Portion of ductus deferens is removed
Ducts are cut and tied with stitches
Sperm production continues, but sperm cannot reach exterior of penis

15. Spermatogenesis Takes 65-75 days
Begins with spermatogonia (stem cells)
Undergo meiosis – 4 spermatids
Spermiogenesis
When spermatids become spermatozoa

16. Review Describe the function/structure of the following:
Testes
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Ejaculatory ducts
Urethra
Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral glands
Scrotum
Penis
What is spermatogenesis?

17. Female Reproductive System
Objectives
Describe the location, structure, and functions of the organs of the female reproductive system.
Discuss the process oogenesis in the ovaries.

18. Organs of the Female Ovaries – produce eggs and hormones
Uterine (fallopian) tubes or oviducts – transport egg to uterus, site of fertilization
Uterus – site of implantation of fertilized egg, development of fetus, labor
Vagina – receives penis, passageway for childbirth
External organs (vulva)
Mammary glands – synthesize, secrete, and eject milk for newborn

19. Organs

20. WORD BANK
Cervix
Fallopian Tubes
Vagina
Ovary
Uterus

21. Organs Ovaries Uterine tubes (fallopian) or oviduct
Paired glands, almond sized
Produce
Gametes (egg cells)
Hormones (progesterone and estrogen, inhibin, relaxin)
Uterine tubes (fallopian) or oviduct
Extend away from uterus
Provide route for sperm to reach ovum
Transports eggs and fertilized eggs to the uterus from the ovary
Have cilia at the ends to “coax” egg from ovary
Fertilization occurs here
Up to 24 hours after ovulation – sperm can survive for 3 days
Egg enters uterus 6-7 days after ovulation

22. Organs Uterus (womb) pear-shaped
Pathway for sperm deposition into vagina to reach fallopian tubes
Site of implantation for fertilized egg
Growth of fetus during pregnancy
Labor
Source of menstrual flow

23. Organs
Uterus
Fundus
Body
Cervix

24. Organs Cervical mucus Vagina
Water, glycoproteins, lipids, enzymes, salts
More hospitable to sperm during ovulation
Helps protect sperm on passage to uterus
Vagina
Fibromuscular canal
Receptacle for penis
Outlet for menstrual flow
Passageway for childbirth

25. Organs Vulva - External genitals of female
Mons pubis – adipose tissue, skin, hair
Labia majora – two folds, covered by pubic hair
Labia minora – two folds, underneath labia majora, no hair
Clitoris, glans – erectile tissue and nerves, sexual excitement in females

26. Female External

27. Organs Mammary glands Breast Nipple – where milk emerges
Areola – darkened area around nipple
Mammary gland – modified sweat glands

28. Disease/Medical Ovarian cysts Uterine prolapse
Fluid-filled sac in or on ovary
Usually noncancerous, can go away on their own
Uterine prolapse
When uterus is outside the vagina
Occurs with age, disease, traumatic vaginal delivery, difficult bowel movements, coughing
Can be put back with surgery

29. Disease/Medical Hysterectomy Episiotomy Removal of uterus
Fetus stretches perenial region
Performed to prevent tearing
Straight, tearing is jagged

30. Oogenesis

31. Male/Female Homologous Structures
Ovaries
Testes
Ovum
Sperm cell
Labia majora
Scrotum
Labia minora
Spongy urethra
Clitoris
Glans penis

32. Review What is the function/structure of: Describe oogenesis. Uterus
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Vagina
Mammary glands
Describe oogenesis.

33. Objectives
Describe the hormones that are important to the reproductive cycle.
Summarize female reproductive cycle.
Describe various methods of birth control.

34. Female Reproductive Cycle
Ovarian Cycle – events in the ovaries that occur during and after the maturation of an oocyte
Menstrual Cycle – changes in the endometrium (lining) of the uterus to prepare for the arrival of a fertilized ovum that will develop until birth
Female reproductive cycle includes both of these

35. Hormones of Cycles Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Estrogens
Secreted by hypothalamus
Stimulates release of FSH and LH
Stimulate release of egg from ovaries
Estrogens
Secreted by ovaries
Promote development of sex characteristics
Progesterone
Prepare and maintain endometrium for implantation
Prepare mammary glands for milk secretion

36. Hormones of Cycles Relaxin Inhibin
Relaxes the uterus by inhibiting contractions
Increases flexibility of pubic symphysis
Helps dilate cervix
Inhibin
Secreted after ovulation
Inhibits secretion of FSH and LH

38. Hormonal Changes
Tortora & Grabowski 9/e 2000 JWS

39. Summary Cycle is counted from 1st day of last period
Menstruation lasts 4-5 days
Proliferative phase (13 days)
Endometrium fills will tissue and blood
Ovulation occurs around day 14
Secretory phase (10 days)
If egg is fertilized, tissue stays to care for fetus
If egg is not, menstrual phase begins again

40. Birth Control
Oral contraceptives (the pill) – inhibits FSH and LH from being released, ovulation doesn’t occur, no egg for fertilization – close to 100% effective
“morning-after-pill” – causes shedding of lining (induces period) to prevent implantation
IUD – prevent implantation in uterus by changing lining
Spermicides – kill sperm, more effective with use of condom or diaphragm

41. Birth Control
Barrier methods – prevent sperm from getting into uterus (condoms, diaphragm); also helps protect against STD’s
Periodic Abstinence – couple learns “cycle” and abstains during that time

42. Review Describe various methods of birth control.
Describe the hormones that are important to the reproductive cycle.
Summarize the reproductive cycle.