1. Development and brief application of Raman selection rules Alex Kitt

2. Raman Introduction and limitations General Selection Rules: Only deal with transitions to zone center Based on thermal Occupancy, only Stoke’s Only to first order

3. Classical Treatment Things to note: First term Raman, second term Stokes, third term anti-Stoke’s Only have Raman effects if the polarizability it dependent on the normal mode Relationship between derivative of polarizability and orientation of normal coordinate matters

4. Quantum To notice: Effect is due to coupling between photons and phonons through the electrons Vibration states are harmonic oscillator  Symmetry could help… But, we can expand the electric dipole moment in a power series in the normal coordinates The final term gives us the matrix element that is pertinent for Raman scattering The familiar E1 transition matrix for radiative emissions:

5. Geometric groups of solids Point group-Collections of all rotational (proper and improper) operations that do not change the molecule-32 possible Space group-Include translational properties to allow a discussion of infinite lattices-230 types of space groups Factor group-Space group modulo the primitive unit cell –Factor groups are isomorphic to point groups

6. Symmetry Operations

7. Irreducible representations Any symmetry operation can be represented by a reducible matrix Reducing the set of matrices provides the symmetry species and normal coordinates Character table holds a lot of information for us

8. Example Character Table The product of Cartesian coordinates are also classified to their symmetry species

9. Selection Rules According to the Kramer, Heisenberg, Dirac equation the operator above transforms like the product of Cartesian coordinates For transitions from the ground, symmetric, state the final state and the operator must be of the same symmetry species

10. Which symmetry species exist? ni is number of modes in the ith symmetry species g is the order of the factor group g ρ is the order of the factor group x ρ is the character of the reducible matrix element x ρ i is the character of the symmetery species BA DeAngelis, RE Newnham, WB White. American Minearalogist 57, 255 (1972)

11. Graphene with and without Strain Without strain Graphene is in space group 191 which has a factor group isomorphic to D 6h 2 atoms/unit cell  3 optical phonon modes E 2g and B 2g modes exist F Tuinstra and JL Koenig. Jour of Chem Phy, 55 3, 1126 (1970) http://img.chem.ucl.ac.uk/

12. Only one mode Raman active (first order) G band, doubly degenerate

13. Strain Under uni-axial strain the symmetry group is broken along with the degeneracy Huang et al. PNAS April 21, 2009, 106 (16)

14. References BA DeAngelis, RE Newnham, WB White. American Minearalogist 57, 255 (1972) Huang et al. PNAS April 21, 2009, 106 (16) McHale, Jeanne. Molecular Spectroscopy (1999) F Tuinstra and JL Koenig. Jour of Chem Phy, 55 3, 1126 (1970) M Cardona and G Guntherodt, Topics in Applied Physics: Light Scattering in Solids II JR Ferraro, K Nakamoto, CW Brown. Introductory Raman Spectroscopy Second Edition C Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics