1. Challenges of Nation Building in Africa and the Middle East28
Challenges of Nation Building in Africa and the Middle East

2. Africa Becomes Independent
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3. Freedom (Uhuru) Monument at Dar es-Salaam
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Located in capital of Tanzania

4. The Colonial Legacy Benefits Transportation and communication
Improved sanitation and health care
Political systems contributed to gradual creation of democratic ideas
Benefits varied
Only South Africa and Algeria developed along modern lines
Disadvantages
Concentrate on export crops
Plantation agriculture and cash crops

5. The Rise of Nationalism
Goal was independence
Kwame Nkrumah ( ) formed the Convention People’s Party in the Gold Coast (Ghana)
Jomo Kenyatta ( ) formed the Kenya African National Union with a political and economic agenda
Mau Mau movement among the Kikuyu people of Kenya used terrorism to achieve uhuru (Swahili for freedom)
African National Congress formed in 1912
Originally dominated by Western-educated intellectuals
Want economic and political reforms including equality for educated Africans

6. The Rise of Nationalism (cont.’d)
Resistance to French rule in Algeria grew in mid-1950s -- independence gained in 1958
Struggle in Algeria affected Tunisia that was given independence in 1956
Morocco gained independence in 1956
Ghana (Gold Coast) gained independence in 1957
Followed by Nigeria, Belgian Congo, Kenya, Tanganyika (when joined by Zanzibar, renamed Tanzania)
Most French colonies agree to accept independence within the framework of the French Community
By late 1960s only part of southern Africa and Portuguese Mozambique and Angola remained under European rule
Why so slow in gaining independence?
Colonialism was established later in Africa
With only a few exception, coherent states with a strong sense of cultural, ethnic, and linguistic unity did not exist

7. Pan-Africanism and Nationalism: The Destiny of Africa
Most new African leaders come from the urban middle class
Accept the Western model -- capitalism and at least lip service to democracy
Diverse views on economics
Highly nationalistic
Generally accept national boundaries
These were artificial and contained diverse ethnic, linguistic, and territorial groups
Organization of African Unity (1966)
Pan-Africanism

8. Political and Economic Conditions in Contemporary Africa
Initial phase of pluralistic governments gave way to a series of military regimes
Most African countries dependent on export of a single crop or natural resource
In many instances, the resources still controlled by foreigners
“Neocolonialism”
Scarce natural resources spent on military equipment and expensive consumer goods
Bribery and corruption
Population growth
Widespread hunger
HIV and AIDS
Poverty
Effects of urbanization

9. Present-Day Africa
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10. The Search for Solutions
Tanzania
Desire to restrict foreign investment
Arusha Declaration, 1967
Limitations on income and established village collectives
Corruption lower at first
Kenya
Capitalism has had mixed results
Ethnic tensions
Angola and Ethiopia
Experiments in Marxism
South Africa
Apartheid
Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress
South Africa sense the end of Apartheid

11. The Search for Solutions (cont.’d)
Nigeria
Africa’s most populous country
Oil and civil war
Ethnic and religious divisions
Central Africa
Rwanda and Burundi
Zaire/Democratic Republic of the Congo
Good News
The African Union

12. Continuity and Change in Modern Society
Impact of the West
Education
Emphasis on vocational training
Eventual introduction in European languages and Western culture
State run schools:
First the emphasis was on primary schools then high school and universities in the urban areas
Funding and teachers are scarce in the rural areas
Little Western influence outside the cities
Agriculture and hunting
Migrations to plantations, cities, and refugee camps

13. Traditional African House
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Located in Dar es-Salaam, Tanzania

14. African Women in Colorful Dress
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Djibouti, on Red Sea

15. African Women Change in relationship between men and women
Traditional relationships
Independence brought the idea of sexual equality
Politics still dominated mostly by men
Women became a labor force, employed in menial tasks
Education open to all, but women comprise less than 20 percent of the students
Rural women generally still bound by communalism
Traditional practices still found

16. African Culture
Tension between tradition and the modern in African culture
Modern African art
Utility and ritual have given way to pleasure and decoration
Traditional forms of art now more for tourists
Modern African literature
Means to establish black dignity and purpose
Chinua Achebe, first major African novelist to write in English
Writing from native perspective
Shift from the brutality of the foreign oppressor to the shortcomings of the new native leadership
Ngugi Wa Thiong’o (b. 1938), A Grain of Wheat
Wole Soyinka (b. 1934), The Interpreters
Women writers
Ama Ata Aidoo (b. 1942), Changes: A Love Story
Music

17. Crescent of Conflict Militant Islam as a sense of community
September 11, 2001
“Humiliation and disgrace”
Modern regimes in Turkey and Iran
More traditional in Saudi Arabia
European influence and control
The Question of Palestine
Arab League, 1945
Zionists and an independent Jewish state, 1948
Sense of West’s betrayal of the interests of the Palestinian people
Palestinian refugees cross into neighboring states
Syria angered by the creation of Lebanon

18. Israel and Arab Neighbors, 1947-1994
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19. Nasser and Pan-Arabism
King Farouk of Egypt overthrown in 1952
Monarchy replaced by a republic in 1953
General Gamal Abdul Nasser seizes power in 1954
Reforms
Nationalizes the Suez Canal, 1956
Britain, France, Israel attack Egypt
U.S. supports Nasser
Pan-Arabism
Egypt and Syria unite to form the United Arab Republic,1958
Other Arab states suspicious and do not join the union
UAR ends in 1961
Palestine Liberation Organization created in 1964
Al-Fatah led by Yasir Arafat (b. 1929) launches terrorist attacks

20. The Modern Middle East
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21. Arab-Israeli Dispute Growing hostility Knesset (parliament created)
June, 1967, Six-Day War
Nasser died in 1970 and succeeded by Anwar al-Sadat ( )
Yom Kippur War, 1973
Camp David Agreement, 1978
Sadat assassinated by Arab militants, October 1981
Intifada (uprising) by PLO supporters in Israel, 1980s
Terrorist attacks by Palestinians
Minister Ehud Barak tried to re-start the peace process
Peace process broke down by 2000
Hard-line prime minister, Ariel Sharon
Suicide attacks

22. Revolution in Iran
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi ( ),
Social and economic reforms
Affluent middle class emerging
Land reform
Internal problems
Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini ( )
Shi’ite cleric exiled to Iraq and then France
Shah leaves the country in 1979, and the government collapsed shortly thereafter with a new government dominated by Khomeini
American embassy hostages
Iranian Revolution moderated slightly, but repression returned in mid-1990s
Mohammad Khatemi, a moderate cleric
Move to a more pluralistic society open to the outside world
Opposition from conservative elements

23. Crisis in the Gulf Iraq Saddam Hussein (b. 1937), 1979-2003
War against Iran,
Iraq sends military forces into Kuwait, 1990
United Nations response

24. Conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq
Response to the terrorist attacks of September, 2001
Nation controlled by the Taliban who provided a base for terrorist Osama bin Laden
After September 11, 2001, coalition overthrows the Taliban
United States turned its attention to Iraq
Alleged that there were weapons of mass destruction
War began March, 2003

25. Society and Culture in the Contemporary Middle East
Traditional monarchy of Saudi Arabia
Some areas traditional authority replaced by one-party rule or military dictatorships
Other states charismatic rule given way to modernizing bureaucratic regimes
Israel, democratic institutions

26. Economics of Oil
Millions in the Middle East live in abject poverty, a fortunate few are wealthy; the difference is oil
Approaches to developing strong and stable economies
Arab socialism
Western capitalist model
Maintaining Islamic doctrine
Agriculture
Wealthiest hold much of the land
Lack of water
Encourage emigration
Why failure of democratic institutions?
Willingness of the West to coddle dictatorships to keep access to oil
Culture of Islam

27. Islamic Revival
Many Muslims believe Islamic values and modern ways not incompatible and may be mutually reinforcing
Fundamentalists are a rational and practical response to destabilizing forces and self-destructive practices
Seeking a cultural identity
Reaction to Western influences
Create a “modernized” set of beliefs such as in Turkey, Egypt, and Iran
Secularization
Reaction to secularization in Iran where there was a movement to Islamic purity
Seeking purity found in Algeria, Egypt, and Turkey
Trend toward Islamic purity

28. Modern Islam, 1998
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29. Women and Islam Traditional role of women in Islamic societies
Modernist views that Islamic doctrine not opposed to women’s rights
Many restrictions due to pre-Islamic folk traditions that were tolerated in the early Islamic era
More traditional views have prevailed in many Middle Eastern countries
Impact of the Iranian Revolution
Most conservative nation is Saudi Arabia
Rights extended in some countries
Vote in Kuwait
Equal right to seek a divorce in Egypt
Attend university, receive military training, vote, practice birth control, and publish fiction in Iran

30. Literature and Art Cultural Renaissance
Iran one of the most prolific countries
The veil (chador) a central metaphor in Iranian women’s writing
In Egypt the most illustrious writer is Naguib Mahfouz who wrote Cairo Trilogy
Art
Influenced by Western culture

31. Discussion Questions
What role did nationalism play in postwar independence movements in Africa?
Why have so many African nations moved toward authoritarianism since independence?
How has Western imperialism contributed to contemporary conflicts in the Middle East?
What are the most important cultural trends in the contemporary Middle East?