1. Why are they dark? The Early Middle Ages The Dark Ages in Western Europe 476-1000AD

2. The Dark AgesThe Dark Ages: Europe after the Fall of Rome Barbarian Conquests in Europe Anglos and Saxons emigrate to England Franks Ostrogoths - Spain Lombards - Italy Village Life in Stowa, England

3. What are the 3 Roots of the emerging culture in Europe? 1 2 3 Which acted as strongest civilizing force?

4. Ordeal of a Queen Read the primary source… Answer the questions 1-4 Discuss 5. Compare this to Roman standards of law.

5. Boundaries Fluctuated Tribal Warfare Almost Constant Nations did not exist Chiefs of clans Towns and cities lost pop. to rural areas What languages are being spoken in southern Europe where Roman influence is more prominent?

6. Pope Gregory I After Justinian’s reign ended During darkest time - 590AD Negotiated with attacking Lombards Rome’s mayor: Organized armies, fed poor Supported spread of Christianity missionaries go north among Angles and Saxons Aiden

7. Anglo-Saxon Missionaries Patrick to Ireland Aidan in England founds Lindesfarne monastary Cuthbert, abbot Lindesfarne Gospels Left: A pilgrim stands by a cross on Croagh Patrick, a mountain located in the west of Ireland, where Saint Patrick fasted for forty days in 441 AD. St. Cuthbert, the “Wonder Worker of England” for his healing powers

8. Monasteries preserve what? Sister Scholastica - nunneries The Rules (540AD) No wandering monks 8x day for prayer 7 hours day for work 2 hours day for study of Bible/religious books 1-2 meals a day Poverty, chastity, obedience, stability St. Benedict Men of Cloth in The Dark Ages, part 6

9. Frankish Warriors Merovingian Dynasty Conquers, Converts Clovis 496AD - Constantine-like conversion in battle Drives Visogoths into Spain Allies and armies of the Pope Converted non-Catholics Note long hair

10. Frankish lands

11. The Merovingian Franks’ Problem Succession leads to divisions Delegated a lot of authority and responsibility to … The Major Domo: like a prime minister

12. Merovingians and Major Domos First of the Carolingian Franks Charles Martel – “The Hammer” Charles Martel – “The Hammer” Extended and united the Franks’ lands 732 CE Stopped Muslim invasion at Battle of Tours in France stirrups “Combat de Charles Martel” Louvre, Paris Not medieval sculpture Carolingians: Medieval sculpture At St. Denis Cathedral, France

13. A Carolingian Frank wants to be king…the Hammer’s Son… Pepin the Short Asks Pope who should be king? “He who has the authority, not just the name.” Pope anointed him Defeated Lombards for the Pope an alliance is born Note shorter hair…

14. Charlemagne, son of Pepin, grandson of Charles Martel… What was his greatest achievement? Break down roots of his name...

15. Charlemagne’s Capital City Aachen The Dark Ages: Part 8

17. Expanded and Monitored his kingdom Warred against the Lombards, Avars, Saxons, Muslim Moors Creates counties and counts to rule Uses royal agents from his court Charlemagne travels and does not remain in Aachen, his capital Unified most of Western Europe

18. Carolingian Renaissance Charlemagne’s directions Palace school - Alcuin of York, educated abbott Monasteries and Cathedrals to run schools "On Scribes - That They Should Not Write Corruptly" Carolingian Miniscule results

19. Charlemagne Crowned Emperor on Christmas Day, 800AD Hail Charles Augustus! How did the Byzantines view this?

20. Einhard on Charlemagne’s crowning: “He, at first, had such an aversion that he declared that he would not have set foot in the Church the day that they [the imperial titles] were conferred, although it was a great feast-day, if he could have foreseen the design of the Pope.”

21. Charlemagne’s Grandsons Fight 843 - Treaty of Verdun ends a civil war.

22. Vikings

23. The Dark Ages: Vikings Items from the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History

25. Viking Invasions: 793-1000

26. L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland Native American carving of a Viking cleric

27. What ends the Viking invasions? 1. 2. 3. The Dark Ages: Vikings

28. What were Feudalism’s Obligations and Privileges? Those who fought Those who prayed Those who worked The Ceremony of Investiture Public power became private

29. The Manor: A Lord’s Seat of Power And an Economic Unit of Power

30. Evolution of a Manor… Mott and Bailey w/ Wooden Keep …to a Castle 1200s- 1400s 1000 – 1200s AD Mott and Bailey w/ Stone keep at Château de Gisors, France