1. How to integrate biodiversity into APECOSM (Apex Predators ECOSystem Model): a climate driven, DEB-structured model of ecosystem dynamics focusing on tuna. Olivier MAURY, Jean-Christophe POGGIALE

2. www.mercator-ocean.fr www.seawifs.com Toward a worldwide comparative analysis of oceanic ecosystems functioning Tuna catches (1990-1997). Courtesy of A. Fonteneau (IRD). Weimerskirch and coll. Identify the processes… …to be ultimately able to develop a reliable predictive capacity

3. An ecosystem model integrating bottom-up and top- down processes Mass conservation is structuring ecosystems mechanistic process based approach A mechanistic process based approach where parameters are biologically meaningful constants. Integration of physiology and adaptive behaviour. evolutive structure An evolutive structure to easily add species or new process.

4. Hardy, 1924 Link, 2002 Where are the rules? Are there regularities?

5. Quinones et al., 2003 Size-spectrum in marine ecosystems Edvardsen et al., 2002 Bianchi et al., 2000 Boudreau and Dickie 1992

6. log (Frequency) log (Intensity) 1/f noise (Bak et al. 1987) Mass extinctions (Sneppen et al. 1995) Earthquakes Business failures (Cook and Ormerod 2003) ……. Are size-spectrum just statistical artefacts?

7. Woodward et al., 2005 Their regularity reveals strong underlying general mechanisms

8. Pinnegar et al., 2003 Ménard et al., 2006

9. Jennings and Mackinson, 2003 Jennings et al., 2002 Jennings et al., 2001

10. Size is structuring trophic interactions Size is controlling metabolism

11. Temperature effects: from molecules to ecosystems? Kooijman, 1989 Clarke and Fraser, 2004

12. Clarke and Johnston, 1999 Clarke and Fraser, 2004

13. System represented Bio-geochemistery PISCES (O. Aumont) primary producers, light, O2 Bio-geochemistery PISCES (O. Aumont) primary producers, light, O2 Open Ocean Pelagic Ecosystem (OOPE) w, x, y, t Fishing SKJ x, y, t, E, V, G SKJ x, y, t, E, V, G Size Biomass Diversity YFT x, y, t, E, V, G YFT x, y, t, E, V, G ALB x, y, t, E, V, G ALB x, y, t, E, V, G BET x, y, t, E, V, G BET x, y, t, E, V, G Physics NEMO (wind, currents, temper.) Physics NEMO (wind, currents, temper.)

14. Open Ocean Pelagic Communities today no taxonomic distinction. 2nd step fishes cephalopods crustaceans Gelatineous N. O. Handegard pers. com. z explicit, depth distribution constrained by light and O 2 x,y 0 z day nightday Migratory community Mesopelagic community Epipelagic community

15. Predation energy fluxes Predation is supposed to be opportunistic and only controlled by: Spatial co-occurrence of predator and prey. The ratio of size between organisms. The model conserves energy: predation is a loss of energy for preys and a gain of energy for predators. 0 w1w1 w2w2 Predation energy fluxes weight

16. K 1-K ingestion growth reproduction PREYS Structure somatic maintenance somatic maintenance  1-  assimilation growth reproduction Eggs ORGANISM gonadic maintenance Energy fluxes through OOPE organisms Modified from Kooijman (2000)

17. Main equation for « consumers » dynamics diffusion advection growth starvation reproduction predationageing non local terms

18. Toward an « end to end » online coupling

19. The variability of primary production propagates through the size-spectrum of the ecosystem. Dissipation Loss Transition Maury et al., 2007

20. The variability of temperature modifies non-linearly the energy fluxes through the size-spectrum of the ecosystem. Maury et al., 2007

21. Modelling the  15N of OOPCs

22. local hydrologyecosystem processes The OOPCs size spectra are spatially explicit and depend on both local hydrology (T, u, v) and ecosystem processes.

23. A given species is characterized by its asymptotic weight k at food saturation (J.kg -1.m -3 ) is the distribution function of the energy content of species k at time t  [0, +  [ and weight w  [0, w max ] in 1 m 3 of seawater. The quantity of energy of species k in the weight range [w 1, w 2 ] per m 3 of seawater is given by The distribution function of the number of individuals of species k in terms of weight (kg -1.m -3 ) at (t, w) in 1 m 3 of seawater is linked to energy with Including biodiversity: assumptions/definitions

24. At the scale of the whole ecosystem, we define which is the distribution function of the energy content of all the species in the ecosystem (J.kg -1.m -3 ) at time t  [0, +  [ and weight w  [0, w max ] in 1 m 3 of seawater. is independent of k weight Species k w k=w

25. The input of eggs R t (J.s -1.m -3 ) into the system due to reproduction is taken into account assuming a Dirichlet boundary condition in w=w egg : The magic question is:

26.  Integration by part: easy!!

27.  How to integrate this?? Not so easy!!