1. February 17, 20051 Aerodynamics 2 PDR Michael Caldwell Jeff Haddin Asif Hossain James Kobyra John McKinnis Kathleen Mondino Andrew Rodenbeck Jason Tang Joe Taylor Tyler Wilhelm AAE 451: Team 2

2. [ Overview | 3-View | Wing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Canard 1 2 3 | Tails | Geometry | Control Surfaces 1 2 3 | Wing Twist 1 2 | Mathematical Models 1 2 3 4 | Launch Conditions | L/D max 1 2 | Endurance | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ]Overview3-View1234567123TailsGeometry123121234Launch Conditions12EnduranceSummary12 February 17, 2005 2 Overview 3-View Drawing Airfoil Selection Wing & Tail Geometry Control Surface Sizing & Effectiveness Twist Distribution Mathematical Model Launch Conditions L/D MAX & Endurance

3. [ Overview | 3-View | Wing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Canard 1 2 3 | Tails | Geometry | Control Surfaces 1 2 3 | Wing Twist 1 2 | Mathematical Models 1 2 3 4 | Launch Conditions | L/D max 1 2 | Endurance | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ]Overview3-View1234567123TailsGeometry123121234Launch Conditions12EnduranceSummary12 February 17, 2005 3 Aircraft 3-View Mission Requirements 15 min. endurance Take-off distance ≤ 60 ft. V stall ≤ 15 ft./s V loiter ≤ 25 ft./s 35 ft. turn radius

4. [ Overview | 3-View | Wing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Canard 1 2 3 | Tails | Geometry | Control Surfaces 1 2 3 | Wing Twist 1 2 | Mathematical Models 1 2 3 4 | Launch Conditions | L/D max 1 2 | Endurance | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ]Overview3-View1234567123TailsGeometry123121234Launch Conditions12EnduranceSummary12 February 17, 2005 4 Selig 1210: M.S.Selig,J.J.Guglielmo,A.P.Broeren and P.Giguere,"Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data, Volume 1 – Wind Tunnel Data SELIG 1210 AIRFOIL Airfoil Selection: Wing

5. [ Overview | 3-View | Wing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Canard 1 2 3 | Tails | Geometry | Control Surfaces 1 2 3 | Wing Twist 1 2 | Mathematical Models 1 2 3 4 | Launch Conditions | L/D max 1 2 | Endurance | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ]Overview3-View1234567123TailsGeometry123121234Launch Conditions12EnduranceSummary12 February 17, 2005 5 WORTMANN FX 63-137 Wortmann FX 63-137: M.S.Selig,J.F.Donovan and D.B.Fraser,"AIRFOIL AT LOW SPEEDS – Wind Tunnel Airfoil Selection: Wing

6. [ Overview | 3-View | Wing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Canard 1 2 3 | Tails | Geometry | Control Surfaces 1 2 3 | Wing Twist 1 2 | Mathematical Models 1 2 3 4 | Launch Conditions | L/D max 1 2 | Endurance | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ]Overview3-View1234567123TailsGeometry123121234Launch Conditions12EnduranceSummary12 February 17, 2005 6 SELIG – WORTMANN COMPARISON Selig 1210: M.S.Selig,J.J.Guglielmo,A.P.Broeren and P.Giguere,"Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data, Volume 1 – Wind Tunnel Data Wortmann FX 63-137: M.S.Selig,J.F.Donovan and D.B.Fraser,"AIRFOIL AT LOW SPEEDS – Wind Tunnel Airfoil Selection: Wing

7. [ Overview | 3-View | Wing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Canard 1 2 3 | Tails | Geometry | Control Surfaces 1 2 3 | Wing Twist 1 2 | Mathematical Models 1 2 3 4 | Launch Conditions | L/D max 1 2 | Endurance | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ]Overview3-View1234567123TailsGeometry123121234Launch Conditions12EnduranceSummary12 February 17, 2005 7 Airfoil Selection: Wing Wortmann FX67-137 Wortmann FX 63-137: M.S.Selig,J.F.Donovan and D.B.Fraser,"AIRFOIL AT LOW SPEEDS – Wind Tunnel

8. [ Overview | 3-View | Wing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Canard 1 2 3 | Tails | Geometry | Control Surfaces 1 2 3 | Wing Twist 1 2 | Mathematical Models 1 2 3 4 | Launch Conditions | L/D max 1 2 | Endurance | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ]Overview3-View1234567123TailsGeometry123121234Launch Conditions12EnduranceSummary12 February 17, 2005 8 Airfoil Selection: Wing Wortmann FX 63-137: M.S.Selig,J.F.Donovan and D.B.Fraser,"AIRFOIL AT LOW SPEEDS – Wind Tunnel

9. [ Overview | 3-View | Wing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Canard 1 2 3 | Tails | Geometry | Control Surfaces 1 2 3 | Wing Twist 1 2 | Mathematical Models 1 2 3 4 | Launch Conditions | L/D max 1 2 | Endurance | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ]Overview3-View1234567123TailsGeometry123121234Launch Conditions12EnduranceSummary12 February 17, 2005 9 Airfoil Selection: Wing Wortmann FX 63-137: M.S.Selig,J.F.Donovan and D.B.Fraser,"AIRFOIL AT LOW SPEEDS – Wind Tunnel

10. [ Overview | 3-View | Wing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Canard 1 2 3 | Tails | Geometry | Control Surfaces 1 2 3 | Wing Twist 1 2 | Mathematical Models 1 2 3 4 | Launch Conditions | L/D max 1 2 | Endurance | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ]Overview3-View1234567123TailsGeometry123121234Launch Conditions12EnduranceSummary12 February 17, 2005 10 Airfoil Selection: Wing C Lmax vs. Re

11. [ Overview | 3-View | Wing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Canard 1 2 3 | Tails | Geometry | Control Surfaces 1 2 3 | Wing Twist 1 2 | Mathematical Models 1 2 3 4 | Launch Conditions | L/D max 1 2 | Endurance | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ]Overview3-View1234567123TailsGeometry123121234Launch Conditions12EnduranceSummary12 February 17, 2005 11 Airfoil Selection: Canard NACA 0012

12. [ Overview | 3-View | Wing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Canard 1 2 3 | Tails | Geometry | Control Surfaces 1 2 3 | Wing Twist 1 2 | Mathematical Models 1 2 3 4 | Launch Conditions | L/D max 1 2 | Endurance | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ]Overview3-View1234567123TailsGeometry123121234Launch Conditions12EnduranceSummary12 February 17, 2005 12 Airfoil Selection: Canard Abbott, I.H. & A.E. von Doenhoff, “Theory of Wing Sections”

13. [ Overview | 3-View | Wing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Canard 1 2 3 | Tails | Geometry | Control Surfaces 1 2 3 | Wing Twist 1 2 | Mathematical Models 1 2 3 4 | Launch Conditions | L/D max 1 2 | Endurance | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ]Overview3-View1234567123TailsGeometry123121234Launch Conditions12EnduranceSummary12 February 17, 2005 13 Airfoil Selection: Canard Abbott, I.H. & A.E. von Doenhoff, “Theory of Wing Sections”

14. [ Overview | 3-View | Wing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Canard 1 2 3 | Tails | Geometry | Control Surfaces 1 2 3 | Wing Twist 1 2 | Mathematical Models 1 2 3 4 | Launch Conditions | L/D max 1 2 | Endurance | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ]Overview3-View1234567123TailsGeometry123121234Launch Conditions12EnduranceSummary12 February 17, 2005 14 Airfoil Selection: Vertical Tails Flat Plate  Non-Lifting Surface  No Volume Needed  Ease of Construction  Light Weight

15. [ Overview | 3-View | Wing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Canard 1 2 3 | Tails | Geometry | Control Surfaces 1 2 3 | Wing Twist 1 2 | Mathematical Models 1 2 3 4 | Launch Conditions | L/D max 1 2 | Endurance | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ]Overview3-View1234567123TailsGeometry123121234Launch Conditions12EnduranceSummary12 February 17, 2005 15 Geometry Wetted Area : 9.013 ft 2

16. [ Overview | 3-View | Wing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Canard 1 2 3 | Tails | Geometry | Control Surfaces 1 2 3 | Wing Twist 1 2 | Mathematical Models 1 2 3 4 | Launch Conditions | L/D max 1 2 | Endurance | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ]Overview3-View1234567123TailsGeometry123121234Launch Conditions12EnduranceSummary12 February 17, 2005 16 Control Surfaces: Aileron Span: 2.26 ft Chord: 0.2 ft Area: 0.45 ft 2 AILERON force (lbf)

17. [ Overview | 3-View | Wing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Canard 1 2 3 | Tails | Geometry | Control Surfaces 1 2 3 | Wing Twist 1 2 | Mathematical Models 1 2 3 4 | Launch Conditions | L/D max 1 2 | Endurance | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ]Overview3-View1234567123TailsGeometry123121234Launch Conditions12EnduranceSummary12 February 17, 2005 17 Control Surfaces: Rudder (Single) Span: 0.57 ft Chord: 0.35 ft Area: 0.20 ft 2 RUDDER force (lbf)

18. [ Overview | 3-View | Wing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Canard 1 2 3 | Tails | Geometry | Control Surfaces 1 2 3 | Wing Twist 1 2 | Mathematical Models 1 2 3 4 | Launch Conditions | L/D max 1 2 | Endurance | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ]Overview3-View1234567123TailsGeometry123121234Launch Conditions12EnduranceSummary12 February 17, 2005 18 Control Surfaces: Elevator Span: 1.8 ft Chord: 0.23 ft Area: 0.42 ft 2 ELEVATOR force (lbf)

19. [ Overview | 3-View | Wing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Canard 1 2 3 | Tails | Geometry | Control Surfaces 1 2 3 | Wing Twist 1 2 | Mathematical Models 1 2 3 4 | Launch Conditions | L/D max 1 2 | Endurance | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ]Overview3-View1234567123TailsGeometry123121234Launch Conditions12EnduranceSummary12 February 17, 2005 19 Wing Twist Distribution Root: 0.35 o Tip: -6.48 o

20. [ Overview | 3-View | Wing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Canard 1 2 3 | Tails | Geometry | Control Surfaces 1 2 3 | Wing Twist 1 2 | Mathematical Models 1 2 3 4 | Launch Conditions | L/D max 1 2 | Endurance | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ]Overview3-View1234567123TailsGeometry123121234Launch Conditions12EnduranceSummary12 February 17, 2005 20 Wing Twist Distribution *Neglecting Parasite Drag *

21. [ Overview | 3-View | Wing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Canard 1 2 3 | Tails | Geometry | Control Surfaces 1 2 3 | Wing Twist 1 2 | Mathematical Models 1 2 3 4 | Launch Conditions | L/D max 1 2 | Endurance | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ]Overview3-View1234567123TailsGeometry123121234Launch Conditions12EnduranceSummary12 February 17, 2005 21 Mathematical Model From Prandtl’s Classical Lifting-Line Theory

22. [ Overview | 3-View | Wing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Canard 1 2 3 | Tails | Geometry | Control Surfaces 1 2 3 | Wing Twist 1 2 | Mathematical Models 1 2 3 4 | Launch Conditions | L/D max 1 2 | Endurance | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ]Overview3-View1234567123TailsGeometry123121234Launch Conditions12EnduranceSummary12 February 17, 2005 22 Mathematical Model Re=147,820

23. [ Overview | 3-View | Wing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Canard 1 2 3 | Tails | Geometry | Control Surfaces 1 2 3 | Wing Twist 1 2 | Mathematical Models 1 2 3 4 | Launch Conditions | L/D max 1 2 | Endurance | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ]Overview3-View1234567123TailsGeometry123121234Launch Conditions12EnduranceSummary12 February 17, 2005 23 Mathematical Model * Raymer, Daniel P., Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach p.493

24. [ Overview | 3-View | Wing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Canard 1 2 3 | Tails | Geometry | Control Surfaces 1 2 3 | Wing Twist 1 2 | Mathematical Models 1 2 3 4 | Launch Conditions | L/D max 1 2 | Endurance | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ]Overview3-View1234567123TailsGeometry123121234Launch Conditions12EnduranceSummary12 February 17, 2005 24 Mathematical Model

25. [ Overview | 3-View | Wing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Canard 1 2 3 | Tails | Geometry | Control Surfaces 1 2 3 | Wing Twist 1 2 | Mathematical Models 1 2 3 4 | Launch Conditions | L/D max 1 2 | Endurance | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ]Overview3-View1234567123TailsGeometry123121234Launch Conditions12EnduranceSummary12 February 17, 2005 25 Launch Conditions V take-off = 1.2V stall = 18 ft/s Climb Angle = 20 o Angle of Attack = 4.5 o α Lo = -9.12 o

26. [ Overview | 3-View | Wing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Canard 1 2 3 | Tails | Geometry | Control Surfaces 1 2 3 | Wing Twist 1 2 | Mathematical Models 1 2 3 4 | Launch Conditions | L/D max 1 2 | Endurance | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ]Overview3-View1234567123TailsGeometry123121234Launch Conditions12EnduranceSummary12 February 17, 2005 26 L/D MAX L/D MAX =10.75 α L/Dmax =0.60 o Re=147,820

27. [ Overview | 3-View | Wing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Canard 1 2 3 | Tails | Geometry | Control Surfaces 1 2 3 | Wing Twist 1 2 | Mathematical Models 1 2 3 4 | Launch Conditions | L/D max 1 2 | Endurance | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ]Overview3-View1234567123TailsGeometry123121234Launch Conditions12EnduranceSummary12 February 17, 2005 27 L/D MAX L/D MAX Velocity Loiter Straight:  V L/Dmax = 21.97 ft/s Loiter Turn:  V L/Dmax = 23.12 ft/s Re=147,820

28. [ Overview | 3-View | Wing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Canard 1 2 3 | Tails | Geometry | Control Surfaces 1 2 3 | Wing Twist 1 2 | Mathematical Models 1 2 3 4 | Launch Conditions | L/D max 1 2 | Endurance | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ]Overview3-View1234567123TailsGeometry123121234Launch Conditions12EnduranceSummary12 February 17, 2005 28 Endurance Re=147,820 Assumptions Level Flight No Acceleration Loiter~Straight Time = Loiter~Turning Time

29. [ Overview | 3-View | Wing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Canard 1 2 3 | Tails | Geometry | Control Surfaces 1 2 3 | Wing Twist 1 2 | Mathematical Models 1 2 3 4 | Launch Conditions | L/D max 1 2 | Endurance | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ]Overview3-View1234567123TailsGeometry123121234Launch Conditions12EnduranceSummary12 February 17, 2005 29 Summary 3-View Drawing Airfoil Selection Wing & Tail Geometry Control Surface Sizing & Effectiveness Twist Distribution Mathematical Model Launch Conditions L/D MAX & Endurance Questions?

30. [ Overview | 3-View | Wing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Canard 1 2 3 | Tails | Geometry | Control Surfaces 1 2 3 | Wing Twist 1 2 | Mathematical Models 1 2 3 4 | Launch Conditions | L/D max 1 2 | Endurance | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ]Overview3-View1234567123TailsGeometry123121234Launch Conditions12EnduranceSummary12 February 17, 2005 30 Appendix

31. [ Overview | 3-View | Wing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Canard 1 2 3 | Tails | Geometry | Control Surfaces 1 2 3 | Wing Twist 1 2 | Mathematical Models 1 2 3 4 | Launch Conditions | L/D max 1 2 | Endurance | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ]Overview3-View1234567123TailsGeometry123121234Launch Conditions12EnduranceSummary12 February 17, 2005 31 Mathematical Model No Wing Twist: Re=147,820

32. [ Overview | 3-View | Wing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | Canard 1 2 3 | Tails | Geometry | Control Surfaces 1 2 3 | Wing Twist 1 2 | Mathematical Models 1 2 3 4 | Launch Conditions | L/D max 1 2 | Endurance | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ]Overview3-View1234567123TailsGeometry123121234Launch Conditions12EnduranceSummary12 February 17, 2005 32 Wing Twist Distribution