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Towards Estimating the Number of Distinct Value Combinations for a Set of Attributes Xiaohui Yu 1, Calisto Zuzarte 2, Ken Sevcik 1 1 University of Toronto 2 IBM Toronto Lab xhyu@cs.toronto.edu
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November 3, 2005CIKM 20052 Distinct value combinations CountryCityHotel Name GermanyBremenHilton GermanyBremenBest Western GermanyFrankfurtInterCity CanadaTorontoFour Seasons CanadaTorontoIntercontinental 3 distinct value combinations 1 2 3 COLSCARD (COlumn Set CARDinality) = 3 The problem: estimating COLSCARD for a given set of attributes
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November 3, 2005CIKM 20053 Motivation Cardinality estimation for query optimization, e.g., Estimating the size of Estimating the size of the aggregation Approximate query answering, e.g., COUNT queries SELECT sales_date, sales_person, SUM(sales_quantity) AS unit_sold FROM sales GROUP BY sales_date, sales_person
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November 3, 2005CIKM 20054 Roadmap Related work Estimation with known marginal distributions Upper/lower bounds An estimator Estimation with histograms Experimental results Conclusions
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November 3, 2005CIKM 20055 Related work Previous work has focused on the case of single attribute. [H Ö T88],[H Ö T89],[HNSS ’ 95],[HS ’ 98],[CCMN ’ 00] Sampling approach is used. Estimation through sampling is difficult [CCMN ’ 00] No existing statistical information is exploited.
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November 3, 2005CIKM 20056 Our solution Considering multiple-attributes Utilizing existing statistics on individual attributes Readily available in most database systems Does not require access to the data Granularity of statistics Exact marginal frequency distributions Approximate distributions: histograms etc.
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November 3, 2005CIKM 20057 Estimation with known marginals Number of distinct values in attribute Ai, frequency vector CountryCityHotel Name GermanyBremenHilton GermanyBremenBest Western GermanyFrankfurtInterCity CanadaTorontoFour Seasons CanadaTorontoIntercontinental
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November 3, 2005CIKM 20058 The na ï ve estimator COLSCARD = Number of possible value combinations d i : the number of distinct values in attribute A i Sanity bound: COLSCARD cannot be greater than the table size The problem: Some value combinations with low occurrence probabilities may not appear in the table!
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November 3, 2005CIKM 20059 Upper/Lower bounds Trivial bounds Upper bound: (the na ï ve estimator) Lower bound: Tighter bounds? In the case of two attributes, tighter bounds are available.
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November 3, 2005CIKM 200510 Tighter bounds N = 10 4 4 2 d e f 1 1 8 a b c A2A2 A1A1 Naïve bounds: 3, 9Lower bound = 2+1+1 = 4 1 1 value freq valuefreq [2, 3] Upper bound = 3+1+1 = 5
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November 3, 2005CIKM 200511 Expected number of combinations Assumptions 1.The data distributions of individual columns are independent 2.The occurrence of each combination in the table is independent Each element of f represents the frequency of a specific value combination. An estimate of the probability of occurrence
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November 3, 2005CIKM 200512 Estimator The probability of the i-th combination not appearing in a particular tuple is The probability of the i-th combination not appearing in the table (of size N) is The expected number of value combinations is
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November 3, 2005CIKM 200513 Example revisited Estimate the COLSCARD for attribute set (A 1, A 2, A 3 ), given New estimate: 5.94 Na ï ve estimate: 3*2*2 = 12
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November 3, 2005CIKM 200514 Roadmap Related work Estimation with known marginal distributions Upper/lower bounds An estimator Estimation with histograms Experimental results Conclusions
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November 3, 2005CIKM 200515 Estimation with histograms Histograms exist on individual attributes Two classes of histograms Partition-based End-biased Marginals can be (approximately) reconstructed from histograms Optimal histograms in each class?
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November 3, 2005CIKM 200516 Optimal histograms Minimizing the error incurred by histograms ERR = |EST hist – EST exact | Partition-based histograms A dynamic programming algorithm similar to that for V-optimal histogram construction [Jagadish et al. 98] can be used.
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November 3, 2005CIKM 200517 Optimal end-biased histograms An end-biased histogram with B buckets stores The exact frequencies of B-1 attribute values The average of the remaining values Which B-1 values to store exactly? Most widely used end-biased histograms store the frequencies of the most frequent values Not always optimal for COLSCARD estimation!!
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November 3, 2005CIKM 200518 Example Attributes (A1, A2) Choose 1 frequency to store exactly Index of the frequency stored 1234 1.682.012.170.15 0.011.101.091.02 Error table N=10
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November 3, 2005CIKM 200519 Optimal end-biased histograms Exhaustive search takes time proportional to We prove that the optimal choices can be one of the following Most frequent values Least frequent values A combination of most frequent and least frequent values Only need to search both ends Cost is linear in B, independent of d j !
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November 3, 2005CIKM 200520 Roadmap Related work Estimation with known marginal distributions Upper/lower bounds An estimator Estimation with histograms Experimental results Conclusions
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November 3, 2005CIKM 200521 Experiments – Data sets Synthetic data Skew: Zipfian parameter z=0 (uniform) to 4 (highly skewed) Number of tuples: 10K to 1M Real data Cover Type: 581,012 tuples, 10 attributes Census Income: 32,561 tuples, 14 attributes Error measure: ratio error ERR = max{true/est-1, est/true-1}
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November 3, 2005CIKM 200522 Effect of data skew N=100K di=1k
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November 3, 2005CIKM 200523 Effect of number of tuples
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November 3, 2005CIKM 200524 Results on real data 45 pairs91 pairs
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November 3, 2005CIKM 200525 Accuracy of end-biased histograms Results on the “ capital-gain ” attribute of Census Income data set
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November 3, 2005CIKM 200526 Conclusions Utilizing existing knowledge maintained in database systems Proposed upper/lower bounds as well as an estimator Considered two cases exact marginal frequencies Histograms: optimal histograms Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method
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