1. EVOLUTION REVIEW Chapter 16 & 17
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2. Traits controlled by two or more genes
Polygenic trait
Process by which related organisms evolve differences when they are isolated in different environments
Divergent evolution OR Adaptive radiation

3. Measuring lima beans and finding beans come in different sizes is an example of
____________
Natural variation
Process by which unrelated
organisms independently evolve
similarities when adapting to
similar environments
Convergent evolution

4. A change in a DNA sequence caused by a mistake in DNA replication or exposure to radiation or chemicals
mutation
Changes in the allele frequency in a small population that are due to random chance and don’t follow the laws of probability
Genetic drift

5. All the genes, including all the different alleles, in a population
Gene pool
A situation in which the allele
frequencies in a population do NOT
change and the population does NOT EVOLVE
Genetic equilibrium

6. A change in relative frequency of alleles in a population
Trait controlled by two or more genes
Polygenic trait
A change in relative frequency of alleles in a population
evolution

7. A change in allele frequencies due to the migration of a small subgroup of a population to a new place
Founder effect
Idea that allele frequency will remain constant unless one or more factors cause those frequencies
to change
Hardy-Weinberg Principle

8. replication Copying DNA is called __________
Exchange of DNA between homologous
chromosomes during
PROPHASE I of MEISOIS
Mixing up of maternal and paternal
chromosomes in different combinations during ANAPHASE of MEIOSIS
Crossing over
SEGREGATION & INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

9. A trait controlled by a single gene with two alleles
Single gene trait
The number of times a certain allele occurs in a gene pool
compared to the number of times
other alleles for the same gene occur
Relative frequency

10. caused by mistakes in copying DNA caused by radiation
Tell two sources of genetic variation in populations
Mutations
caused by mistakes in copying DNA caused by radiation
or environmental chemicals
Gene shuffling during meiosis
crossing over
independent assortment

11. Bell-shaped curve (OR normal distribution)
Type of distribution curve shown by
polygenic traits
Bell-shaped curve (OR normal distribution)
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12. Stabilizing selection
The effect of natural selection when individuals near the center of a normal curve of distribution have higher fitness than those at the extremes
Stabilizing selection
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13. Directional selection
The effect of natural selection when individuals at one end of the normal distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end
Directional selection
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14. The effect of natural selection when individuals at the extreme ends of the normal distribution curve have higher fitness than those near the center of the curve
Disruptive selection
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15. Random mating NO mutations
TELL THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THE HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE HOLDS TRUE:
Random mating
LARGE population
NO mutations
NO movement IN OR OUT
NO natural selection

16. independent assortment
How does gene shuffling occur during meiosis?
Crossing over &
independent assortment
What are some causes of mutations?
Mistakes during DNA copying (replication)
Environmental chemicals or radiation

17. There is NO EVOLUTION hypothesis
If all the conditions of Hardy-Weinberg are met, what happens to the population?
A possible explanation for a set of observations
or a possible answer to a scientific question
There is NO EVOLUTION
hypothesis

18. Can all the conditions of Hardy-Weinberg ever be met?
In rare populations over long periods of time they may be met (or nearly met) BUT MOST OF THE TIME NO WAY!
You can have small & isolated populations (no moving in or out) BUT. . . there is always non-random mating, mutations, & natural selection. So there is ALMOST ALWAYS EVOLUTION HAPPENING !

19. Punctuated equilibrium
Darwin believed in the idea that evolution happened slowly over a long period of time called __________
Pattern of evolution in which long
Stable periods of little evolution
interrupted by brief periods of rapid change
gradualism
Punctuated equilibrium

20. Punctuated equilibrium
WHICH PATTERN IS IT?
coevolution adaptive radiation divergent evolution
punctuated equilibrium mass extinction
Horse evolution shows long stable periods
of little evolution interrupted by brief
periods of rapid change
Punctuated equilibrium
Biology by Miller and Levine Pearson Publishing

21. Adaptive radiation WHICH PATTERN IS IT?
coevolution adaptive radiation divergent evolution
punctuated equilibrium mass extinction
The Galápagos finches evolved through natural
selection from a common ancestor into a wide
variety of different looking species with different
kinds of beaks
Adaptive radiation

22. Mass extinction WHICH PATTERN IS IT?
coevolution adaptive radiation divergent evolution
punctuated equilibrium mass extinction
At the end of the Cretaceous period an asteroid
hit the Earth causing the loss of many species
including the dinosaurs
Mass extinction

23. Adaptive radiation (divergent evolution)
WHICH PATTERN IS IT?
coevolution adaptive radiation divergent evolution
punctuated equilibrium mass extinction
The Galápagos finches evolved through natural
selection from a common ancestor into a wide
variety of different looking species with different
kinds of beaks
Adaptive radiation (divergent evolution)

24. coevolution WHICH PATTERN IS IT?
coevolution adaptive radiation divergent evolution
punctuated equilibrium mass extinction
Hummingbirds have a beak just the right length
to reach the nectar in a cardinal flower and as
they feed their foreheads bump into the pollen structure. Cardinal flowers are red which
hummingbirds can see, but bees can’t, and their
pollen structure is at just the right height for
the hummingbird to pick up pollen as it feeds.
coevolution

25. Convergent evolution WHICH PATTERN IS IT?
coevolution adaptive radiation divergent evolution
punctuated equilibrium mass extinction
Whales, sharks, and penguins all have streamlined
bodies and fins/flipper for moving in water
even though they belong in different animal groups
(mammals, fish, and birds)
Convergent evolution

26. Adaptive radiation OR divergent evolution
WHICH PATTERN IS IT?
coevolution adaptive radiation divergent evolution
punctuated equilibrium mass extinction
Beaver
NORTH AMERICA
Muskrat
Capybara
SOUTH AMERICA
Coypu
Beaver and Muskrat
Beaver in North America and capybara in South America are closely related species living in very different
environments that have evolved to look different over time.
Adaptive radiation OR divergent evolution
BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine Pearson Publishing

27. Adaptive radiation OR divergent evolution
WHICH PATTERN IS IT?
coevolution adaptive radiation divergent evolution
punctuated equilibrium mass extinction
The tortoises on the Galapagos islands share a common ancestor, but over time they have become
adapted for obtaining food in different habitats
on different islands by having different neck lengths
Adaptive radiation OR divergent evolution

28. Stabilizing selection
WHICH PATTERN of SELECTION IS IT?
stabilizing disruptive directional
Human babies born smaller than average are likely to be less healthy and less likely to survive. Larger than average babies are likely to have difficulty being born. The fitness of these larger or smaller weight babies is lower than average-sized babies so human babies tend to born of average size.
Stabilizing selection

29. directional selection
WHICH PATTERN of SELECTION IS IT?
stabilizing disruptive directional
Lighter colored peppered moths were more common in England prior to the Industrial revolution. As pollution increased, the darker colored moths were less likely to be eaten. Over time darker colored moths have become more abundant in the population.
directional selection

30. disruptive selection WHICH PATTERN of SELECTION IS IT?
stabilizing disruptive directional
A population of birds lives in an area where plants with medium sized seeds are wiped out by a fungal infection. Birds with unusually large or small beaks would have higher fitness than those with medium sized beaks. Over time the population splits into two subgroups; one that eats small seeds and one that eats large seeds.
disruptive selection

31. THE END