2. What is “Food” and what is “Nutrition”? Food is any edible material that supports growth, repair and maintenance of the body. Food also protects the body from infections and diseases. Nutrition is the process by which body utilizes food for growth and maintenance and healthy living. Food functions in the body through the nutrients it contains

3. What are nutrients? Nutrients are substances found in food. These are: Carbohydrate Fat/Oil Protein Vitamins Minerals  Since Water is indispensable for life, it is considered both as a food and as a nutrient.  Dietary Fibre and some Phytochemicals of plant foods, although not nutrients as such, are needed for good health.

4. What food does in the body does through the nutrients it contains. The body utilizes these nutrients to grow and keep healthy and strong. All nutrients needed by the body are available through food. No food by itself (except for breastmilk which is adequate for babies up to six months of age) has all the nutrients needed for full growth and health. Food therefore must be balanced. We therefore need a variety of foods to get all the nutrients the body needs.

5. Each nutrient has its own function in the body. Specific nutrients do their best work in the body when present with other nutrients. Nutrients are therefore mutually supportive.

6. Carbohydrates Main function is energy production in the body. Largest source of energy: 40 - 80 percent of the total energy intake in different countries. Neither extreme is good. The ideal contribution is 60 percent. One gram of carbohydrate provides 4 Kcal. Grains (rice, wheat, maize), roots and tubers (potato, sweet potato, guam, banana) and legumes (pulses, nuts) are rich sources of carbohydrates.

7. Sweet fruits and some vegetables also provide carbohydrate in the form of sugar. Milk sugar is lactose. Honey has high content of fructose, the sweetest of all sugars. Soft drinks contain sugar but almost no other nutrients.

8. Carbohydrates are present in two forms: Simple carbohydrates: glucose, fructose, sugar Compound carbohydrates: starch in plants and glycogen in animals (liver and muscles) Compound carbohydrates are polymers of glucose.

9. Protein Protein is the building material for all body parts, such as muscle, brain, blood, skin, hair, nails, bones and body fluids. It is essential for growth, repair of worn-out tissues, replacement of used-up blood and resistance against infections. Protein comes from both animal and plant foods. Meat, fish, egg, and milk and milk products are rich sources of animal protein. Pulses, nuts and beans are rich sources of plant protein. Cereals are low in protein (e.g. rice: 6 – 8%, wheat: 12 – 14%), but because of their large quantities in the diet, they meet a major portion of total dietary protein requirement.

10. The protein from beans and legumes are of better quality than the protein from rice and wheat products. These foods are considered less expensive meat substitutes and are often called the ‘poor man’s meat’. Potato is poor in protein (<3%), but this protein is of high quality.

11. Fats A triglyceride may be a FAT or OIL, depending on the predominant type of fatty acids it contains: saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated. When predominant fatty acids are saturated and monounsaturated, then it is solid at room temperature and is termed as FAT.

12. Oils When polyunsaturated fatty acids predominate, then it is liquid at room temperature and is termed as OIL. Usually, triglycerides of plant sources are OILs. Examples are vegetable oils - mustard oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, corn oil and other cooking oils. However, coconut and palm oil contain large proportions of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids.

13. Fat provides the building materials for some body parts, such as brain, nerves and hormones. It also facilitates absorption, transport and storage of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K. Fat is therefore an essential nutrient. Like all other nutrients, fat is beneficial if consumed in the right amount and if it is the right type.

14. Vitamins Vitamins are food constituents vital for life. They cannot be synthesized in the body and must therefore be taken with food. They are, however, needed in minute amounts. Vitamins help in the metabolism and utilization of the carbohydrate, protein and fat in the cells. They act as helpers (coenzymes) of enzymes involved in these metabolisms. Vitamins thus help regulate body functions and maintain health. They also protect the body against infections.

15. Vitamins are either water-soluble or fat-soluble. Water-soluble vitamins are the B-complex vitamins and vitamin C. B-complex vitamins are vitamin B 1, B 2, B 6, B 12, niacin, folic acid, biotin, pantothenic acid. Fat soluble vitamins are vitamins A, D, E and K.

16. Soluble vitamins, when taken in excess of body needs, are excreted in urine. On the other hand, fat-soluble vitamins, when taken in excess, are stored in the body (particularly liver) for use at times when the intake of these vitamins is inadequate. Most vitamins can be derived from liver, fruits, vegetables, legumes and grains.

17. A few of the key roles and rich dietary sources of some vitamins of public health importance are listed in the table below.

18. Minerals Minerals are inorganic chemical elements present throughout the body in varying amounts. Like the vitamins, they cannot be synthesized in the body and must be taken with food. Minerals act as co-factors of enzymes for metabolism. Minerals form part of the structure of body tissues, such as bones, teeth and nails, blood, nerves and muscles.

19. Minerals are vital to physical and mental development. They also help protect the body against infections. Meat, fish, milk, cheese, green leafy vegetables and legumes provide most of the minerals needed by the body.

20. Dietary Fibre Dietary fibres are non-digestible, non-absorbable components of food. Fibres form the bulk of the stool and help in clearing the bowel and in preventing constipation and colon cancer. Fibres inhibit absorption of glucose and cholesterol from the GI tract, thus are helpful in diabetes and heart disease. Fruits, vegetables, pulses and whole cereals are sources of dietary fibre. Our daily diet should contain some fibre for good health and well being.