1. TEXAS GEOGRAPHY REVIEW!
Texas is a big place so this is a big review! Can you handle it?

2. Why do we study history? What is History? What is Geography?
History and Geography are linked. Geography can affect history just as history can affect geography.
What is History?
The study of the past
We study history to know what to expect in the future
What is Geography?
The study of the Earth, its features, and its people
Understanding geography helps us to understand events that shape out lives today. Although people modify their environment through technology, all societies are dependent upon their natural resources. The location of those resources influences where Texans live and how they make a living.
The history of Texas is tied closely to it’s geography. For example geography has affected the development of Industries. Events in History have affected the location and growth of settlements.
Can you give me a specific example?

3. I. Five Themes of Geography
A. Location 1. Absolute – exact position; such as a point of latitude and longitude 2. Relative – where things are in relation to others
When you study different places, there are 5 different questions you must ask.
Where is the place?
What is it like, and how is it similar or different from other places?
How do the people who live there interact with their surroundings or environment?
How are those people linked with other people and places?
How does geography relate to the past, present and future of that place?

4. Location absolute location relative location
exact position of
a place using latitude and longitude
relative location
location of a place in relation to another place
What is the absolute location of Houston?
What is the relative location of Texas?
Houston Skyline

5. I. Five Themes of Geography
A. Location
1. Absolute – exact position; such as a point of latitude and longitude
2. Relative – where things are in relation to others
B. Place and Regions
1. Place – different features and characteristics that identify an area: landforms, climate, language, music
2. Region – areas united by similar characteristics
Places can have physical characteristics such as landforms, climate, plants and animals; as well as human characteristics such as language, religion, architecture, music, politics, and way of life.

6. 4 Natural Regions of Texas
land area that
shares similar elevation,
precipitation, climate, soil,
and vegetation

7. Elevation-height of the land
What is your elevation? How tall are you?
West Texas is a tall place with Guadalupe Peak reaching
8, 749 feet.
The Humble area is about 90 feet above sea level.

8. Precipitation Drip, drip, drip… How much rain does
our area receive each
year?
What part of Texas
receives the most rain?
What part receives the
least amount of rain?

9. I. Five Themes of Geography
A. Location
1. Absolute – exact position; such as a point of latitude and longitude
2. Relative – where things are in relation to others
B. Place and Regions
1. Place – an area defined by different features and characteristics: landforms, climate, plants, animals
2. Region – Areas with similar characteristics are regions
C. Human Environment Interaction – the relationship between people and the environment, and how it affects our lives
Actions of people: (examples on next slide)

10. How have people changed the land to live on it or by it?
These relationships can be positive or negative.
Throughout history, people have always modified their environment, such as damming rivers and cutting down forests to build cities and towns. Some of these activities have led to air and water pollution. The environment affects human activities as well. Can you name some ways the environment affects our lives? (drought, earthquakes, hurricanes, floods…)

11. AGRIBUSINESS
Agribusiness combines farming, ranching and related businesses.
It is an important part of the Texas economy.
Cotton is the number one cash crop for our state.
In addition to physical and human characteristics, regions may be defined by their business needs. These are known as economic regions.

12. I. Five Themes of Geography
A. Location
1. Absolute – exact position; such as a point of latitude and longitude
2. Relative – where things are in relation to others
B. Place and Regions
1. Place – an area defined by different features and characteristics: landforms, climate, plants, animals
2. Region – Areas with similar characteristics are regions
C. Human Environment Interaction – What links people to the surrounding environment
D. Human Systems
1. Movement of people
2. Culture brought to an area
Other aspects of movement and human systems include trade and urbanization.

13. TEJANO Texas has a very rich cultural history.
Caliente!
Texas has a very rich cultural history.
Much of the Texas culture is tied to Mexico such as food, architecture, and language.
A Tejano is a person of Mexican heritage who calls Texas home.
Yummy!
Hola!

14. Other Prominent Texan Cultures
German
Czech
Dubina
Hostyn
Praha
Fredricksburg
New Braunfels
Boerne

15. I. Five Themes of Geography
A. Location
1. Absolute – exact position; such as a point of latitude and longitude
2. Relative – where things are in relation to others
B. Place and Regions
1. Place – an area defined by different features and characteristics: landforms, climate, plants, animals
2. Region – Areas with similar characteristics are regions
C. Human Environment Interaction – What links people to the surrounding environment
D. Human Systems
1. Movement of people
2. Culture brought to an area
E. Physical Systems – how naturally occurring events interact with and shape the Earth: volcanoes, hurricanes…
Such as volcanoes, glaciers, and hurricanes.
Geographers also look at ecosystems, or communities of plants and animals that depend on each other and their surroundings.

16. II. Major Landforms Plains – Gently rolling land Plateaus – table-land
Escarpments – steep cliff caused by fault line
Mountains
The difference between plains and plateaus is the elevation.

17. Texas Plains: gently rolling land

18. West Texas Plateau:
table land

19. Escarpment: steep cliff caused by a fault line
Caprock: in
the Texas Panhandle
Balcones: in central Texas
These were formed millions of years ago by a giant earthquake. The land south of the fault line sank, and the land north of the fault rose forming the escarpment.
The Balcones was named by the Spanish who thought the escarpment looked like a balcony from the plains below.

20. Texas mountains that take a prize!
Mountains are only found in west Texas. The highest point in the state is Guadalupe Peak, rising 8,749 feet above sea level. However, El Capitan is considered Texas’ “signature peak”.
El Capitan (above)
8th highest peak
Guadalupe Peak (right)
Tallest peak in Texas!

21. III. Texas Vegetation Forests
Savannas – short grasses and small shrubs
Grasslands – grass covered land

22. Pop Quiz! Which one is which? Savanna Barrier island Plateau D B A A D

23. IV. Texas Water Resources
Gulf of Mexico
Rivers and reservoirs (man-made lakes)
Aquifers – underground lakes
Because we live in such a hot, arid, and highly populated area, water is a precious commodity.
The gulf is a major water source, for both commercial and recreational reasons.
The Eastern part of the state is notable for its many rivers. (Sabine, Trinity, Brazos, Colorado…)
To prevent water running into the Gulf and to control flooding, many rivers have been dammed, forming lakes.
Texas has about 200 major lakes, but only 1 is a natural lake. Most lake water is used for irrigation (one of their original uses). But lakes also provide about 60% of the needs of cities and towns, primarily for manufacturing. Can anyone tell me which lake supplies the city of Houston?

24. Gulf of Mexico

25. Reservoirs-man-made lakes
Which one of these is not a reservoir?
Lake Houston
Lake Livingston
Caddo Lake
Ahhhhhhhh!

26. Texas Aquifers Ogallala Aquifer Rain slowly fills these
giant underground
lakes. The aquifer
then supplies water
for drinking and
irrigation.
Edwards Aquifer
Water from the Edwards Aquifer comes to the surface at Barton Springs in Austin. Water from the Ogallala (Oh-guh-LAA-luh) Aquifer is pumped to the surface for irrigation.
Ogallala Aquifer

27. V. Texas Mineral Resources
A. Natural Gas: combustible mixture of hydrocarbon gases found trapped in rock B. Coal: black rock used as fuel C. Talc: used in ceramics, paint and powder D. Petroleum: crude oil found in rock used to make gasoline
The main minerals in Texas are petroleum, natural gas, coal, sand, and gravel. Texas also produces building stone such as limestone and granite.
Petroleum and natural gas are the most important mineral resources. ¼ of all the energy produced in the entire history of the US has been produced in Texas.

28. Most Important Mineral Resources
NATURAL GAS
PETROLEUM-GAS
Coal

29. Petrochemical Industry
Refines oil and natural gas into something useful
The area around Pasadena and Deer Park has many of these refineries.
Ever heard of Stinkadena?
TEXACO
TEXACO
TEXACO

30. Landforms Assignment
Choose 10 of the terms that we took notes on today, create a visual or picture for that term and label each drawing. Use map pencils to color your illustrations.