2. Blood stains

3. 2 Collection/Preservation of Blood Evidence Secure scene Alert EMT/Medical personnel to preserve clothing (e.g. bullet holes, knife holes in clothing) Photograph bloodstains/document before removing stains Maintain Chain of Custody – who has handled the evidence

4. 3 Blood Evidence To collect blood from a movable item –Keep on item (if small – e.g. clothes, money, etc) –Make sure blood is DRY – if wet, must AIR DRY –Package in paper bag Sealed bag with tape sign initial and date For unmovable items –Dried stain - Use a sterile swab with sterile distilled water to swab the bloodstain(s) –Allow to air dry before storage Place in sealed paper envelope/bag

5. 4 Types of “wet” blood evidence Fresh, liquid blood –Use a disposable pipette and transfer to a purple top tube with EDTA Whole blood from a living person –Whole blood from the victim and suspect is collected at autopsy or by medical professionals in a purple top tube with EDTA

6. 5 Blood Evidence cont. Use purple-top EDTA tubes ONLY for DNA/Serology analysis; EDTA preserved the DNA –When refrigerated, blood in EDTA is good for approx 3-5 days When whole blood arrives at the crime lab, make a standard bloodstain as soon as possible

7. 6 Examples of Dried Blood Stains Crusts of dried blood – Scrape into a clean paper envelope or scrape into paper, then fold paper and place into paper envelope Stained knives/rocks – submit the item without sampling – make sure knives are secured Upholstery/rugs – Cut out section and submit to lab – Also collect an unstained portion for a control sample

8. 7 Dried Blood Stains - continued Stains on walls: small stains – Photograph First - Moisten a cotton swab with water then rub stain with swab – use more than one swab if needed – If possible allow to air dry and place cotton swab in paper envelope Submit a control cotton swab with only water Large stains – Photograph First – Scrape blood into paper envelope or use swabs to collect blood and follow procedure for small stains

9. 8 Collection of Blood Evidence Clothing – if wet with blood or other body fluid, allow to air dry naturally before it is sealed and brought to laboratory If identification marks are made, make sure it is away from stained area Package all clothing in paper bags – DO NOT PUT IN PLASTIC! – Medical staff will do this – Re-package when at the police department Do not shake out clothing. If on floor in a pile – indicate order and package each item individually.

10. 9 Blood Evidence How many swabs do you collect and where do you collect them? –At the discretion of the crime scene technician or individual in charge of scene –Evaluate scene and determine which stains are crucial to the case –Limited opportunity to collect stains –If there are many stains collected, understand the crime lab will not run every sample – determine which samples need to be analyzed

11. 10

12. 11 Step 1 FIND POSSIBLE BLOOD STAINS

13. 12 Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Blood stains can provide valuable evidence that can support or refute information given by witnesses or suspects. It can also provide an investigator with a crime scene interpretation as to where and how an impact occurred, how many blows and from what sort of weapon. Step 1 FIND POSSIBLE BLOOD STAINS

14. 13 Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Blood spattering is common in the scene of any injury. The injury of artery cause blood spattering is easy to understand. In most time, blood either falls or is thrown off often depend on some active movement. Step 1 FIND POSSIBLE BLOOD STAINS

15. 14 DIFFERENT SHAPES OF BLOOD SPATERING IN DIFFERENT SPEED,ANGLE AND VOLUME Step 1 FIND POSSIBLE BLOOD STAINS

16. 15 Through the analysis the patterns of blood stains, we can determine the origin of splash and the movement of victim after he/she was wounded. Step 1 FIND POSSIBLE BLOOD STAINS

17. 16 Blood Spatter Step 1 FIND POSSIBLE BLOOD STAINS Blood drops form different shapes and sizes Blood spatter analysis uses the shapes and sizes to reconstruct the crime scene.

18. 17 Blood Spatter (speed) Step 1 FIND POSSIBLE BLOOD STAINS Faster drop = larger diameter (size) Higher distance = larger diameter

19. 18 Blood Spatter (volume) size of drop also depends on the volume of the drop. Volume depends on object blood originated from (needle = small; bat = large) Step 1 FIND POSSIBLE BLOOD STAINS

20. 19 Blood Spatter (Effect of Surface) Step 1 FIND POSSIBLE BLOOD STAINS Smooth surface = smooth sphere Rough/porous surface may cause some splatter

21. 20 Determining Direction of Blood Step 1 FIND POSSIBLE BLOOD STAINS Narrow end of a blood drop will point in the direction of travel.

22. 21 Determining Direction of Blood Step 1 FIND POSSIBLE BLOOD STAINS If more than one drop (from spatter) results, the point of origin can be determined

23. 22 Step 1 FIND POSSIBLE BLOOD STAINS If more than one drop (from spatter) results, the point of origin can be determined Determining Direction of Blood

24. 23 There are four main categories of blood stain types: Patterns - identifiable patterns in blood such as footprints or fingerprints Smears -identifiable patterns that show movement Pools -area where blood has statically collected. These can show whether a body has been moved Spattered -provide the most information about the incident Types of blood stain Step 1 FIND POSSIBLE BLOOD STAINS

25. 24 Types of Spatter — Spattered Blood Step 1 FIND POSSIBLE BLOOD STAINS Spattered Blood = random distribution of bloodstains that vary in size Amount of blood and amount of force affect the size of blood spatter. Can result from gunshot, stabbing, beating

26. 25 Types of Spatter — Spattered Blood(continue) Step 1 FIND POSSIBLE BLOOD STAINS Help determine the location of the origin of the blood source. Help determine the mechanism which created the pattern.

27. 26 Types of Spatter — Spattered Blood(continue) Step 1 FIND POSSIBLE BLOOD STAINS In general, for higher impacts, the pattern is more spread out and the individual stains are smaller.  Low impact = beating  High impact = gunshot

28. 27 Types of Spatter — Gunshot Spatter Step 1 FIND POSSIBLE BLOOD STAINS Gunshot Spatter = can result in a mist-like spatter that indicates a gunshot. Not all gunshots will result in misting. If misting is present, it is most likely a gunshot.

29. 28

30. 29 Preliminary test —Purposes To exclude the materials that conclusively not blood stains quickly in order to centralize our works on real blood stains. Step 2 PRILIMINARY TEST OF BLOOD STAINS

31. 30 Preliminary test —Principals Step 2 PRILIMINARY TEST OF BLOOD STAINS Negative result (With no color reaction) Positive result (with color reaction) Hemoglobin (have peroxidase activity ) deoxidize phenolphthalein (colorless) H2O2H2O2 [O] H2OH2O phenolphthalein (red color)

32. 31 Negative result indicating: No blood materials in the sample ( because the test is very sensitive) Disposition of sample when the test shows negative result: To cast off ! Step 2 PRILIMINARY TEST OF BLOOD STAINS Preliminary test —Result Analysis 1

33. 32 Step 2 PRILIMINARY TEST OF BLOOD STAINS Preliminary test —Result Analysis 2 Positive result indicating: There maybe some blood materials in the sample (because the test is sensitive, everything that has peroxidase activity should show positive result) Disposition of sample when the test shows positive result: To save for the following analysis

34. 33 Benzidine Leucomalachite green Phenolphthalein Luminol and Spectrophotometric tests Step 2 PRILIMINARY TEST OF BLOOD STAINS Preliminary test —methods

35. 34 Benzidine blood stain

36. 35 Luminol reacts with the iron in haemoglobin in a chemiluminescent reaction to emit blue light

37. 36

38. 37 Conclusive test —Purposes Step 3 Conclusive TEST OF BLOOD STAINS To make sure the materials to be studied are real blood stains

39. 38 Conclusive test —Principals Step 3 Conclusive TEST OF BLOOD STAINS 正铁血红素 血红素 变性珠蛋白

40. 39 Conclusive test —Result Analysis 1 Negative result indicating: 1. No blood materials in the sample 2. Minutes blood materials maybe in the sample ( because the test is insensitive) Disposition of sample when the test shows positive result: To save for the following analysis Step 3 Conclusive TEST OF BLOOD STAINS

41. 40

42. 41 Species test —Purposes To distinguish human from these animals Step 4 SPECIES TEST OF BLOOD STAINS

43. 42 Species test —Principals Step 4 SPECIES TEST OF BLOOD STAINS

44. 43 Species test — precipitation reaction Precipitation –Soluble Ab + soluble Ag –Divalent Ab molecules crosslink multivalent Ag to form a lattice –Ag-Ab complex reaches a certain size and loses its solubility and precipitates out of solution –Precipitin curves are based on the amount of Ag-Ab complexes precipitated Zone of Ab excess Zone of equivalence Zone of Ag excess Step 4 SPECIES TEST OF BLOOD STAINS

45. 44 Species test — precipitation reaction Step 4 SPECIES TEST OF BLOOD STAINS

46. 45 Species test — Result Analysis 1 Negative result indicating: Samples must not be human blood materials ( because the test is very sensitive) Disposition of sample when the test shows negative result: To determine which kinds of animals blood materials if necessary. Step 4 SPECIES TEST OF BLOOD STAINS

47. 46 Species test — Result Analysis 2 Positive result indicating: The sample must be human blood materials! (because the test is very specific) Disposition of sample when the test shows positive result: To save for the following analysis Step 4 SPECIES TEST OF BLOOD STAINS

48. 47 Species test — method Step 4 SPECIES TEST OF BLOOD STAINS

49. 48 Laboratory Analysis If it is blood, is it Human Blood? Confirmatory tests for human blood ABH HemaTrace cards Species Identification tests (Ouchterlony Gel) Step 4 SPECIES TEST OF BLOOD STAINS 胶体金试验

50. 49

51. 50 Individual identification — overview The key task of forensic medicine science is to grasp the criminals! So to find characters of criminals is most important. Individual identification can provide biological characters of criminals! Concluding: personal (or individual) identification is the key process of blood stains test! Step 5 INDIVIDUAL IDENTIFICATION OF BLOOD STAINS

52. 51 Step 5 INDIVIDUAL IDENTIFICATION OF BLOOD STAINS

53. 52 Individual identification — blood groups Absorption test Elution test Step 5 INDIVIDUAL IDENTIFICATION OF BLOOD STAINS

54. 53 blood groups — Elution test 1. antiserum of the various blood types added to stain 2. wash off uncombined antiserum 3. break the bond between antibodies and antigen heating to 56 degrees C. 4. have only antibodies which have combined with antigens on the blood stain. Mix these antibodies with red blood cells of known types 5. Agglutination of the known cells Sensitive enough to type a stain single fiber one-half inch long. Stains as old as 11 years Step 5 INDIVIDUAL IDENTIFICATION OF BLOOD STAINS

55. 54 Blood Enzymes and Proteins Enzymes – Proteins that act as catalysts for certain specific chemical reactions in the body. Polymorphism – The existence of more than one form of a genetic trait. Iso-enzymes – Multiple molecular forms of an enzyme, each having the same or very similar enzyme activity.

56. 55 Separation of PGM Iso-enzymes Accomplished by Electrophoresis

57. 56 Individual identification — DNA level

58. 57 To link a stain to an individual Comparing known samples with unknown samples –Crime scene sample –Victim reference sample (blood tube or buccal swab) –Suspect reference sample (blood tube or buccal swab) Reference sample should be a primary standard –a sample taken from the person: pulled hairs, buccal swab, blood tube – taken by medical staff or at autopsy Reference samples can not be blood from his/her shirt, blood off floor by victim, which is a secondary standard