1. Nation Building and Nationalism 1815–18259
Nation Building and Nationalism 1815–1825

2. Election Day in Philadelphia (1815) An exuberant crowd celebrates in the square outside Independence Hall in this painting by German American artist John Lewis Krimmel.
Election Day in Philadelphia (1815) An exuberant crowd celebrates in the square outside Independence Hall in this painting by German American artist John Lewis Krimmel.

3. Building and Nationalism 1815–1825
Expansion and Migration
Transportation and the Market Economy
The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812

4. A Revolutionary War Hero Revisits America in 1824
After War of 1812, surge of nation building, first stirrings of industrialization
Priority of national over state, local interests
Foreign policy meant to insulate America
New nation of great power and wealth emerging

5. Expansion and Migration

6. Expansion and Migration
American perspective shifted from Europe to West after 1815
Rush-Bagot Agreement, 1817
U.S. recognized Canada as British; British agreed not to invade U.S.

7. Expansion and Migration (cont’d)
Anglo-American Convention of 1818
49th parallel boundary between U.S. and Canada
Joint occupation of Oregon
Continent held in part by the English, Spanish, and Indians

8. Extending the Boundaries
West Florida annexed, 1810–1812
Secretary of State John Quincy Adams’s goal was reduction of Spanish holdings
First Seminole War, 1818
Andrew Jackson occupied east Florida

9. Extending the Boundaries (cont’d)
Weakened Spain accepted Adams-Onis Treaty
U.S. got all Florida
U.S. paid $5 million in Spanish debts to Americans

10. Extending the Boundaries (cont’d)
John Jacob Astor and the American Fur Company in Oregon and St. Louis
“Mountain men” like Kit Carson and Jim Beckwourth roamed through Plains and Rockies, fueling romantic myths
Military expeditions created impression that Plains were “great American desert” unfit for settlement

11. Extending the Boundaries (cont’d)
By 1840, over one-third of U.S. population lived west of the Appalachians
Speculators sold land parcels to settlers on credit
Squatters and Preemption
1841—Congress approved permanent right of preemption

12. North America, Treaties with Britain following the War of 1812 setting the border between the United States and Canada (British North America) made this border the longest unfortified boundary line in the world.
North America, Treaties with Britain following the War of 1812 setting the border between the United States and Canada (British North America) made this border the longest unfortified boundary line in the world.

13. Native American Societies Under Pressure
“Five Civilized Tribes” (60,000 strong) controlled much of South: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole
Different Native American groups reacted differently to white encroachment
Cherokee largest of “Five Civilized Tribes”

14. Cherokee Literacy Sequoyah’s invention of the Cherokee alphabet enabled thousands of Cherokees to read and write primers and newspapers in their own language.
Cherokee Literacy Sequoyah’s invention of the Cherokee alphabet enabled thousands of Cherokees to read and write primers and newspapers in their own language.

15. Native American Societies Under Pressure (cont’d)
Cherokee became plantation owners
Slavery against African Americans resulted from this
Sequoyah created alphabet for Cherokee language

16. Competing Land Claims View of the Great Treaty Held at Prairie du Chien (1825). Representatives of eight Native American tribes met with government agents at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, in 1825 to define the boundaries of their respective land claims. The United States claimed the right to make “an amicable and final adjustment” of the claims. Within 25 years, most of the tribes present at Prairie du Chien had ceded their land to the government.
Competing Land Claims View of the Great Treaty Held at Prairie du Chien (1825). Representatives of eight Native American tribes met with government agents at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, in 1825 to define the boundaries of their respective land claims. The United States claimed the right to make “an amicable and final adjustment” of the claims. Within 25 years, most of the tribes present at Prairie du Chien had ceded their land to the government.

17. Native American Societies Under Pressure (cont’d)
Seminole smallest of “Five Civilized Tribes”
Seminole slavery was more payment of tribute than ownership of humans
Second Seminole War was example of Seminole resistance

18. Native American Societies Under Pressure (cont’d)
Treaty of Moultrie Creek removed tribe from fertile land
War described as “a negro and not an Indian war”
Federal government used deception, threats, and bribery to get Native Americans to cede land
State governments claimed jurisdiction over lands given to Native Americans by treaty

19. Native American Societies Under Pressure (cont’d)
Black Hawk’s War (1831–32) was last stand of Native Americans north of Ohio River and east of Mississippi River
By 1830s, idea that Native Americans should be moved West even if they assimilated was dominant view

20. Transportation and the Market Economy

21. Transportation and the Market Economy
After the War of 1812, political leaders recognized the need to improve the country’s transportation network
National leaders like Madison and Calhoun called for “internal improvements”
Actual federal role less than anticipated in those calls for internal improvements

22. Roads and Steamboats
National Road from Cumberland, Maryland, eventually to Vandalia, Illinois
Turnpikes—privately owned toll roads chartered by states
Network of rivers encouraged economic development
Steamboats transported upriver, reduced costs

23. River Transport The Clermont on the Hudson (1830–1835) by Charles Pensee. Although some called his Clermont “Fulton’s Folly,” Robert Fulton reduced the cost and increased the speed of river transport.
River Transport The Clermont on the Hudson (1830–1835) by Charles Pensee. Although some called his Clermont “Fulton’s Folly,” Robert Fulton reduced the cost and increased the speed of river transport.

24. Roads and Steamboats (cont’d)
Steamboats had luxury hotel atmosphere, but poor safety record
Congressional effort to establish safety regulations
Canals-economical way to ship farm produce

25. Roads and Steamboats (cont’d)
Erie Canal, 1825, linked New York City to Great Lakes
Great economic success, inspired numerous other canal projects

26. Emergence of a Market Economy
Canals cut shipping expenses for western farmers and eastern manufacturers
Steamboats on the rivers also reduced shipping costs and stimulated commercial agriculture
Market stimulated specialization, North produced wheat

27. Emergence of a Market Economy (cont’d)
Five factors made Deep South world’s greatest producer of cotton:
Increased cotton demand from New England textile factories
Eli Whitney and the cotton gin
New, fertile land available in old Southwest
Slavery permitted large-scale operation
The South’s splendid natural transportation system

28. The Canal Boom Illustration of a lock on the Erie Canal at Lockport, New York, The canal facilitated trade by linking the Great Lakes regions to the eastern seaports.
The Canal Boom Illustration of a lock on the Erie Canal at Lockport, New York, The canal facilitated trade by linking the Great Lakes regions to the eastern seaports.

29. Early Industrialism
Traditional methods but innovative financing through “putting out” system
“Putting-out”—merchants delivered raw materials for farm families; artisans processed these materials
Did not disrupt agricultural life patterns

30. Early Industrialism (cont’d)
After 1815, increased demand stimulated mass production
Textile industry in New England led development of factory system

31. Early Industrialism Lowell, Massachusetts, became America’s model industrial town in the first half of the nineteenth century. In this painting of the town in 1814 (when it was still called East Chelmsford), a multistory brick mill is prominent on the river. Textile mills sprang up throughout Lowell in the 1820s and 1830s, employing thousands of workers, mostly women. Below, a photograph from c shows a Lowell mill worker operating a loom.
Early Industrialism Lowell, Massachusetts, became America’s model industrial town in the first half of the nineteenth century. In this painting of the town in 1814 (when it was still called East Chelmsford), a multistory brick mill is prominent on the river.

32. Early Industrialism Lowell, Massachusetts, became America’s model industrial town in the first half of the nineteenth century. In this painting of the town in 1814 (when it was still called East Chelmsford), a multistory brick mill is prominent on the river. Textile mills sprang up throughout Lowell in the 1820s and 1830s, employing thousands of workers, mostly women. Below, a photograph from c shows a Lowell mill worker operating a loom.
Early Industrialism Lowell, Massachusetts, became America’s model industrial town in the first half of the nineteenth century. Textile mills sprang up throughout Lowell in the 1820s and 1830s, employing thousands of workers, mostly women. Below, a photograph from c shows a Lowell mill worker operating a loom.

33. The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812

34. The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812
“Era of Good Feelings,” 1816–1824
Popular interest in national politics fell
Interest groups no longer took differences into the political arena; public interest in politics declined
Common theme of public policy in this period: “awakening nationalism”

35. The Missouri Compromise
1817—Missouri applied for statehood as slave state
Northerners believed South over-represented in House of Representatives, despite their own decisive majority

36. The Missouri Compromise (cont’d)
Tallmadge Amendment—gradual elimination of slavery if Missouri admitted, passes House
South wished to preserve balance of power between slave states and free states

37. The Missouri Compromise (cont’d)
Missouri admitted as slave state
Maine separated from Massachusetts, admitted as free state
Slavery banned elsewhere in Louisiana Purchase above the latitude of 36o30’

38. The Missouri Compromise (cont’d)
Missouri controversy exposed deep rift between North and South
Jefferson called it “a fire bell in the night”

39. Map 9.1 The Missouri Compromise, 1820– The Missouri Compromise kept the balance of power in the Senate by admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. The agreement temporarily settled the argument over slavery in the territories.
Map 9.1 The Missouri Compromise, 1820– The Missouri Compromise kept the balance of power in the Senate by admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. The agreement temporarily settled the argument over slavery in the territories.

40. Postwar Nationalism and the Supreme Court
John Marshall Chief Justice, 1801–1835—Most dominant chief justice ever
Role of court to enable economic growth by protecting individuals and provide federal government more power. Key Cases: Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819

41. Postwar Nationalism and the Supreme Court (cont’d)
Charters granted by states are eternal contracts
McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819

42. Postwar Nationalism and the Supreme Court (cont’d)
Power to tax is power to destroy
Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824

43. Postwar Nationalism and the Supreme Court (cont’d)
Federal regulation of interstate commerce trumps state regulation
The court’s actions exemplify trend: federal government should promote capitalist economy

44. Nationalism in Foreign Policy: The Monroe Doctrine
U.S. sympathized with Latin American revolts, put U.S. on collision course with European powers
“Grand Alliance” of Europe saw Latin American revolts as democratic challenges to authoritarianism
Britain asked U.S. to oppose Grand Alliance

45. Nationalism in Foreign Policy: The Monroe Doctrine (cont’d)
U.S. opposed European expansion and would not interfere in European affairs
Signified America’s new sense of independence and self-confidence

46. Conclusion: The End of the Era of Good Feeling

47. Conclusion: The End of the Era of Good Feeling
Era of Good Feeling was passing phase
Settlement of West would continue but differences over government’s role would endure
Concept of nonpartisan, common purposes advanced by Monroe not viable in contentious and democratic era

48. Timeline
Timeline