1. N OTE FROM M RS. C ONNELLY — YOU DO NOT NEED TO ORGANIZE YOUR SIDES WITH THE HEADERS OF THE QUESTIONS THOUGH YOU MAY. I T MAY PROVE LIMITING AND RESTRICTIVE. M ETAL P IPING /P LUMBING Humanities, Period 4

2. W HO D ISCOVERED I T ? Menes, who was a single ruler and ruled upper Egypt, discovered ways to hold the flood water, which later led to more advanced inventions that had to do with plumbing.

3. W HEN D ID T HIS I NVENTION H APPEN ? In 3000 B.C., Menes constructed basins to contain the flood water, digging canals and irrigation ditches. Later on, dams were created so the Nile River wouldn’t flood and ruin their crops.

4. W HERE D ID T HIS D ISCOVERY H APPEN ? This discovery was made in Egypt around 3000 B.C.

5. W HY W AS T HIS S UCH A N I MPORTANT I NVENTION ? The flooding the Egyptians had to face every year ruined their crops. Creating ways to hold the flood water (ditches), saved their crops. Canals helped boats pass through, so without canals, transporting people or goods would be extremely limited.

6. W HY W AS T HIS S UCH A N I MPORTANT I NVENTION ? ( CONT.) Irrigation ditches were extremely important because these provided dry land with water. Their plumbing system prevented them from losing food because it didn’t kill their crops, and it held their water where they had access to it.

7. W HY W AS T HIS S UCH A N I MPORTANT I NVENTION ? ( CONT.) Originally, the Egyptians had to depend on wells for clean and pure water. The workers had to dig through 300 feet of solid rock just to tap into the water. The plumbing system that was invented help them have easier access to clean water.

8. W HAT I MPACT D ID T HIS I NVENTION H AVE O N T HE L IVES O F A NCIENT E GYPTIANS ? This invention made it easier for people to get water and save their crops. It also created a healthier environment for the other people around. Bacteria wasn’t getting spread around as easy. Keeping the bacteria out of peoples hands prevented diseases from occurring.

9. H OW D ID T HIS I NVENTION W ORK ? They used clay pipe made from a combination of straw and clay. First it was dried in the sun, and then baked in ovens. As they improved upon their clay sewer pipe, the Egyptians were able to drain the low-lying portions of the Nile Valley, and gradually the entire region evolved into a fertile garden.

10. H OW D ID T HIS I NVENTION W ORK ? ( CONT.) They melted metal in a crucible over a super-hot fire, the intense heat provided by men fanning the fire with blowpipes made of reeds tipped with clay. Mrs. Connelly: By now you should be noting a lack of imagery which is making things a bit dull.

11. H OW H AS T HIS I NVENTION I MPACTED M ODERN PEOPLE ? Metal piping and plumbing is still used to this day. Plumbing is essential to modern people, buildings, and houses. Plumbing has impacted peoples health (in a good way). People aren’t as exposed to the harsh bacteria’s as people are without proper plumbing.

12. H OW H AS T HIS I NVENTION I MPACTED M ODERN P EOPLE ? ( CONT.) Metal pipes help dispose of bodily waste safely and drain water. Metal pipes and plumbing has made millions of lives easier and healthier. Plumbing helps keep the environment healthier, bacteria and chemicals aren’t being thrown into the area around us.

13. B IBLIOGRAPHY "The History of Plumbing - Egypt." The History of Plumbing in EGYPT. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Oct. 2012.. Bartram, Jamie. "Radio Interviews on Health Aspects of Plumbing." WHO. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Oct. 2012.. Judd, Blane, and Richard Prospal. "Environmental Aspects of Plumbing." Worldplumbing.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Oct. 2012.