1. Chemistry and Dynamics of Stars in Low Mass Galaxies Bridging Dwarfs, Halos & Disks Kim Venn U. Victoria 22 July 2010

2. Rapidly changing fields: - Number of stars with detailed chemistry - Origins & characteristics of metal poor stars - Number & characteristics of dwarf galaxies - Role(s) of dwarf galaxies in Galaxy formation

3. “Tea it is for drinking, hair absolute being agricultural surname, smell in the ru a king's. The as early as absolute being agriculture is period, tea and its medicines use the value already disheveled hair now, and be used by medicine to turn into gradually daily life bevera ge” And information can be difficult to interpret...

4. In this review 1. Chemical abundances in the MW metal poor halo, dwarf satellite galaxies, and the ultra faint dwarfs. 2. Comment on the chemistry of stars in the thick and thin disks. 3. Chemical and dynamical properties of stars in gas rich dwarf galaxies

5. Chemistry of stars comes from high resolution spectroscopy: R > 20,000 or < 0.25 A/pix Carina-7002:- [Fe/H] = - 2.9 - R ~ 20,000 (Magellan MIKE) - SNR ~ 20 Carina-484:- [Fe/H] = -1.7 - R ~ 45,000 (VLT UVES) - SNR ~ 30 Venn et al. 2010

6. Size & Efficiency Counts – simply need to feed as many photons as possible into the spectrograph

7. Chemistry of stars in the metal poor halo are primarily of stars in the solar neighbourhood with halo kinematics “armchair cartography” (Morrison, Sommer-Larson) Reminder:

8. (V-I) Tolstoy et al. 2004 But for stars in dwarf galaxies : need a large telescope, but cleaner sample...not armchair cartography members non-members

9. The detailed chemistry of the stars in these Galactic components are very different... “chemical tagging” (Bland-Hawthorn & Freeman 2002)

10. Even if you don't know WHY there are chemical differences, it is clear that there ARE chemical differences. Venn et al. 2004 HALO RETRO/ECC THICK THIN DSPH

11. If you are interested in WHY there are chemical differences: - IMF (yields with stellar mass) - SFR (chemical yields with time/age/metallicity of star) i.e., SN II rates & yields relative to those from SN Ia (& AGB) Timescales for 11-35 Mo core collapse SN all short, compared to SNIa SN II SN Ia

12. Now, what about those chemical abundances in the dwarf galaxies?... in 2004... HALO RETRO/ECC THICK THIN DSPH There has been an impressive amount of work done on detailed chemical abundances in different environments in the past 6 years... metal poor halo, dwarf galaxies, UFDs... with lots more in the works (e.g., Zucker's talk)

13. Venn et al. 2004 Frebel et al. 2010 LOTS more metal-poor halo stars ! UFD dSph+ But this is a MIXED BAG of objects !

14. Maximum scientific return from a variety of chemical abundances in a specific stellar population – not a mixed bag Tolstoy, Hill, Tosi 2009 ARAA

15. alpha - elements Neutron-capture element SNII+SNIa s-process & Ia knee r process [alpha/Fe] ~ SN II/ SN Ia (or high/low mass stellar) yields & [Ba/Fe] ~ SN II yields early on, later AGB & SN Ia yields noting that AGB yields depend on metallicity

16. LMC Pompeia, Hill et al. 2008 Milky-Way Venn et al. 2004 [Mg/Fe] like Galactic disk But not [Ca/Fe] ! Different nucleosynthetic site for these two alpha elements? [Ba/Fe] late r-process (SN II) and s-process (AGB) contributions

17. LMC Pompeia, Hill et al. 2008 Sgr Sbordone et al. 2007 Fornax Letarte PhD 2007 Milky-Way Venn et al. 2004 Different end metallicities, consistent with the mass-metallicity relationship [Mg/Fe] vs [Ca/Fe] offsets, different per galaxy Again, different nucl sites? [Ba/Fe] late r-process (SN II) and s-process (AGB) contributions, consistent with recent SF in each.

18. LMC Pompeia, Hill et al. 2008 Sgr Sbordone et al. 2007 Fornax Letarte PhD 2007 Sculptor Hill et al. 2008 in prep + Geisler et al. 2005 Milky-Way Venn et al. 2004 Lowest end metallicity, consistent with mass-metallicity rel Can see the [Fe/H] where SN Ia began to contribute Fe. knee at [Fe/H] = -1.8 same Fe as two separate pops (Battaglia et al. 2008) No late r-process (SN II) or s-process (AGB) contribs, thus NO late SF in Scl, consistent with its CMD SFH.

19. LMC Pompeia, Hill et al. 2008 Sgr Sbordone et al. 2007 Fornax Letarte PhD 2007 Sculptor Hill et al. 2008 in prep + Geisler et al. 2005 Milky-Way Venn et al. 2004 Surprisingly similar results from MRS (R<5000) Kirby et al 2009

20. LMC Pompeia, Hill et al. 2008 Sgr Sbordone et al. 2007 Fornax Letarte PhD 2007 Sculptor Hill et al. 2008 in prep + Geisler et al. 2005 Carina Koch et al. 2008, Venn et al. 2010 + Shetrone et al. 2003 Milky-Way Venn et al. 2004 Position of the [alpha/Fe] knee forms a sequence following SFH and galaxy mass/luminosity. Another knee in the r/s process, at lower Fe Since the r-process is more rare, then this knee is a finer tracer of enrichment times & mixing. Abundance patterns in the metal poor stars ([Fe/H] < -2) seem similar everywhere...

21. Comment on MWG disk(s) Dwarf stars do not resemble the MWG disk(s): + offset between thick & thin favours dilution in thin by HI (Bensby et al. 2003, Brook et al. 2005) THICK THIN How do you make younger (THIN) disk stars more metal-poor or more alpha-poor?

22. Metal Poor Stars: Are the abundance patterns similar in all of the metal poor stars ([Fe/H] < -2) in the MWG halo? and all of the dwarfs? and all of the UFDs? (whatever they may be) If so, what does that mean? Simon & Geha 2007

23. Helmi et al. 2006Kirby et al. 2009 MRS (8 UFDs) but such small # statistics. A little bit of history: Early on (Helmi etal 2006), we had suggested that the MW halo could not be made from dSph at early times due to MDFs in the MW halo and dSphs We were unaware of scaling factors for the HES (Schoerck et al. 2008), and our [Fe/H] came from CaT (new calibration: Starkenburg et al. 2010)

24. Today : [alpha/Fe] the similar MDFs for metal poor stars in the MW halo & dSphs, and similarities in chemical patterns, do favour halo formation at early times from accretion of dwarf galaxies. SCL FNX - cleaner & more similar. SCL Com Ber, UMa II Hercules (Draco/Draco) - again, mixed bag... Frebel et al. 2010 Tafelmeyer et al. 2010

25. Most metal poor stars in the dSph and UFDs are similar in chemistry to those in the MW halo. SCL FNX - cleaner & more similar. SCL Com Ber, UMa II Hercules (Draco/Draco) - weak/main r -process, SN winds ?? - AGB binary mass transfer Frebel et al. 2010 Tafelmeyer et al. 2010 Today : [Ba/Fe]

26. Frebel et al 2010 UFDs promising for finding metal poor stars, But scientific impact is severely limited by lack of stars Trimming of Willman 1 by Siegel, Shetrone & Irwin 2008

27. Scientific Impact of UFDs also limited by our lack of understanding of what they are : not all the same Strigari et al. 2008 tidal features: Seg I, U Ma II members?: Willman 1, Hercules binaries: Boo I satellites of Sgr: Seg I, Seg II, Boo II, Coma UF star clusters: Seg III Niederste-Ostholt +l 2009, Munoz + 2010 Siegel etal 2008, Aden etal 2009 Koposov et al 2010 Belokurov et al. 2009 Belokurov et al. 2010

28. Aquarius simulations (Gao et al 2010): first stars at z=0 in dwarfs & bulge

29. 1% earliest1% lowest metallicity White & Springel 2000...“low metallicity stars may be quite young, and indeed may continue to form today in low mass, isolated dwarf galaxies”

30. z=10 z=5 z=3 Tornatore, Ferrara, Schneider 2007 Inhomogeneous mixing in a hierarchical merging model

31. H2 cooling mini halos from before reionization Salvadori & Ferrara 2010 (May) Note: Salvadori et al. 2009 comment that the MDFs from their H2 cooling minihalo model is ~the same as the inhomogeneous mixing hierarchical merging model (2007) and that “full physical modelling of metal mixing and diffusion remains one of the largest uncertainties in galaxy formation”

32. If UFDs are fossils from reionization OR If UFDs are late collapsing halos OR If UFDs are satellites of satellites But Not if UFDs are disrupted bits of star clusters Then they can be metal poor, and show some chemical evolution... But it is not clear that they would have the same chemical abundance patterns to one another...

33. SFH, IMF SN feedback Models by Fenner et al. 2006 SFH + SN feedbk SFH z > 6 A - SN feedback

34. Stochastic sampling of the IMF? So little mass turned into stars, then cannot expect the IMF to be fully & similarly populated in each UFD. Heger & Woosley (2009) Pop III SN yields for 1.2B explosion, standard mixing, and different lower mass cut offs. Therefore, might expect variations in chemical abundance ratios from Pop III SN And certainly from Pop II SN, though uncertainties in the r-process(es) make predictions difficult beyond scaled-solar.

35. Summary: 1. The metal poor MW halo certainly formed from the accretion of dwarfs early on – but whether those building blocks resemble the dSph or UFDs that we see today remains unclear (except in the outer halo). 2. UFDs are a great place to find metal-poor stars, but it is not clear they are related to first stars or fossils from reionization. 3. dSphs include more stars overall, and also seem to have metal poor stars that could be more clearly linked to first stars, based on chemical evolution & CMD SFHs.

36. Properties of Isolated Dwarfs ???

37. WLM a gas rich, isolated dwarf

38. Leaman et al. 2009 78 RGB members: velocities, ages, & metallicities. Targets, spectra, and metallicities: -0.6 -2.0 200

39. WLM's stars lag the HI gas – v_rot stars ~ 20 km/s - center of rotation offsets - all stellar pops (young/old, metal rich/poor) decoupled from gas Leaman et al. 2009, 2010

40. Metal rich more central Outer metal-poor stars have higher velocity dispersion - starting to look like a halo - no outer AGB analysis yet Separate populations by metallicity and kinematics:

41. Youngest stars (<100 Myr) & gas are coupled, but not the RGBs (1-12 Gyr) HII: Lee et al. 2005 AI : Venn et al. 2003 BI : Bresolin et al 2005

42. Leaman et al. 2009 Old, metal poor population fits closed/leaky box model better - Suggests cold HI infall has contributed to recent and intermediate-aged star formation events. Closed/leaky box model by age:

43. WLM & NGC6822 - Older, metal-poor stars in a spheroid, like dSphs - Younger, metal-rich RGB stars kinematically colder, like thick disk - HI and youngest stars in a thin disk de Blok & Walter 2008 NGC 6822

44. Case of Pegasus: Is WLM another polar ring galaxy? Are WLM & NGC 6822 both dSphs with recent cold HI infall!? Are all dwarfs stripped when they enter the Local Group? like Pegasus? McConnachie, KV, et al. 2009

45. Alot to learn from dwarfs