1. Courtney Dressing Advisor: David Charbonneau All Souls College, Oxford July 4, 2011

2.  Number of target stars: 156,453 (58,041)  Number of candidates: 1,235 (438) ◦ Orbiting 997 (375) stars Solar Subset: T eff = 4100-6100 K log g = 4.0-4.9 Kepmag < 15 Bright Dwarf Sample: T eff = 3600-7100 K

4.  Within each grid cell, calculate: ◦ Number of candidates ◦ “Augmented” number of candidates ◦ Number of stars searched ◦ Planet occurrence rate

5.  Number of non-transiting planets with same radius and period as transiting candidates =probability of transit where

6.  Number of stars for which each transiting planet has SNR > 10

7. # of Stars Searched Augmented # of Planets Planet Occurrence Rate =

8.  Periods <50 days  Radii: 2-32 R Earth

9. Planet Radius 10 Days17 Days 2 R Earth 2.8 R Earth Period

10. k R = 2.9 +0.5/-0.4 α = -1.92 ± 0.11

12. Larger planets have shorter cutoff periods and sharper transitions.

14. f 0 = 0.165±0.011 k T =-0.081±0.011

15.  Random errors? ◦ Trend preserved for T eff = 4100-6100 K ◦ Trend preserved after Monte Carlo applying gaussian random deviates to T eff and log g  Systematic stellar radius bias? ◦ Would require log g error of 1.6 dex ◦ Errors in KIC are ~0.25 dex  Systematic metallicity bias? ◦ Errors on [Fe/H] in KIC are ≳0.2 dex (rms) ◦ Cannot be ruled out

16.  More massive planets have more H/He gas  Change at 4.5 M E ? Models from Fortney et al. 2007 Solar system Kepler Other surveys

17.  Assume planets with densities above 4 g/cm 3 are primarily composed of refractory elements

18.  Toy density models ◦ Constant density ◦ Piece-wise constant density  Compared to Eta-Earth Survey ◦ Volume-limited survey of 166 GK dwarfs ◦ 35 planets detected around 24 stars ◦ Keck-HIRES ◦ See Howard et al. 2010

19.  Black: Kepler prediction  Red: Eta-Earth measurement Decreasing density

20.  Best models have ρ≳4g/cm 3 for Rp≲3R E

21.  Planet occurrence increases with decreasing radius and increasing orbital period  Smaller planets (2-4 R E ) are more common around cooler stars (metallicity effect?)  Larger planets have steeper cutoffs at shorter periods than smaller planets  There is a ridge of high planet occurrence from 3 days and 2 R E to 50 days and 4 R E.