1. Aircraft Control Surfaces and Components

2. Aircraft Components and Control Aircraft range from simple home-built machines to complex fighter jets All aircraft have common structural and control components that allow for controlled flight

3. Aircraft Components Five typical components Empennage Fuselage Wing Landing Gear Power Plant

4. Aircraft Components Empennage Fuselage Aileron Elevator Rudder Vertical Stabilizer Horizontal Stabilizer Wing Flaps Power Plant Cockpit

5. Aircraft Components Empennage Fuselage Elevator (No horizontal stabilizer) Rudder (No vertical stabilizer) Wing (No ailerons or flaps) Power Plant Cockpit

6. Fuselage

7. Wing Wing StrutRibsSpar

8. Center of Gravity Center of Gravity (CG) is point where weight of object is balanced Centroid located on the line of symmetry Centroid of object with multiple lines of symmetry is located at intersection of lines of symmetry

9. Stability Aircraft with positive stability returns to steady flight after disturbance Maneuverability is an indication of an aircraft’s ability to handle the stress of maneuvers Controllability is an indication of an aircraft’s ability to react to pilot inputs

10. Longitudinal Axis Lateral Axis Vertical Axis Aircraft Stability and Movement Around Three Axes of Flight Roll Pitch Yaw

11. Aircraft Attitude Aircraft have three axes of flight which intersect at the center of gravity Aircraft must be stable around these three axes for controlled flight Aircraft must be controlled to rotate around these three axes to change direction Longitudinal Axis Lateral Axis Vertical Axis Center of Pressure Center of Gravity

12. Aircraft Roll Stability and Control To turn left, the aircraft must roll left. Right wing must raise and left wing must descend. Right aileron is lowered and left aileron is raised. Longitudinal Axis

13. Flight Controls that Cause Ailerons and Flaps to Move Yoke rotated left Left wing shown Left aileron raises Right aileron lowers Left and right flaps lower Flaps lever lowered

14. Aircraft Pitch Stability and Control Lateral Axis Pitch Down Push the yoke forward To descend, the pilot reduces power and lowers the elevator to pitch down Lower the elevator

15. Aircraft Pitch Stability and Control Elevator

16. Aircraft Yaw Stability and Control Vertical Axis Yaw Left Push left pedal away from you. To yaw the aircraft nose left, the rudder must deflect left.

17. Aircraft Yaw Stability and Control Rudder

18. Aircraft Motion and Control AxisMotionStabilized byControlPilot Control LongitudinalRollWingsAileronYoke twist left or right LateralPitchHorizontal stabilizer ElevatorYoke forward or aft VerticalYawVertical stabilizer RudderRudder pedals Longitudinal Axis Lateral Axis Vertical Axis Roll Pitch Yaw

19. Changes in design are….. not frivolous not just for looks reflect needed changes in lift and drag Let’s explore some…….

20. High Wing

21. Mid Wing

22. Low Wing

23. Multiple Wings – Biplane

24. Canard Wings

25. Winglet

26. Empennage and Wing Components Elevator Rudder Vertical Stabilizer Horizontal Stabilizer Flaps Ailerons Horizontal Stabilizer Elevator

27. Empennage Rudder Vertical Stabilizer Horizontal Stabilizer Trim Tab ElevatorTrim Tab

28. Twin Vertical Stabilizers

29. Triple Vertical Stabilizers

30. V Tail

31. Powerplant – Tractor EnginePropeller

32. Powerplant – Pusher EnginePropeller

33. Powerplant – Variable Direction Exhaust smoke from vertical thrust

34. Landing Gear – Oleo Strut Brakes Tire Rim Oleo strut Axle

35. Landing Gear – Floats

36. Conventional Gear – Tail-Dragger Main Gear (2 wheels) Tail Wheel

37. Tricycle Gear Main Gear (2 wheels) Nose Wheel

38. Specialized Landing Gear Rough Field Soft Field

39. Aircraft Size Lockheed C-5 Galaxy

40. Aircraft Size Boeing 777 Engine Intake

41. Instrument Panel

42. References Jeppesen (2007). Private pilot: Guided flight discovery. Englewood, CO: Jeppesen. Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. (2006). Guided flight discovery private pilot images [CD-ROM]. Englewood, CO: Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2009). Airplane parts definitions. Retrieved from http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K- 12/airplane/airplane.html National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2009). Wilber and Or. Retrieved from http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/IMAGES/SMALL/GPN-2002- 000126.jpg

43. References Lockheed Martin (2010). C-5M first flight-3a. Retrieved from http://www.flickr.com/photos/lockheedmartin/357061040 6/in/set-72157618866063402 Lockheed Martin (2010). F-35 Lightning II. Retrieved from http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/f35/ Lockheed Martin (2010). Lockheed Martin C-130 in flight. Retrieved from http://www.flickr.com/photos/lockheedmartin/976461432/ Meyer, A. (2010). X-Plane (Version 9.21rc2) [Computer software]. Columbia, SC: Laminar Research. Senson, Ben. (2010). Madison Memorial High School, Wisconsin.