1. Jan.Hoffmann@UNCTAD.org Lahore, December 2013 Transport Connectivity for Landlocked Countries as a tool of development

2. 2 brief comments upfront 1)Bali 2)UNCTAD’s Review of Maritime Transport 2013 just released: –How long to implement Bali? –Which 4 countries register more than 50% of the world fleet? –How many tons of seaborne trade? –Who are the South Asian leaders in shipping connectivity? –Which 2 countries build more than 2/3 of all ships? –… see: http://unctad.org/rmt

3. Transport ConnectivityTransport Connectivity for Landlocked Countriesfor Landlocked Countries as a tool of developmentas a tool of development

4. More trade -> More transport supply -> More competition -> lower freights -> More trade

5. More income to finance trade facilitation -> Better trade facilitation -> More Trade -> More income to finance trade facilitation

6. Better services -> More trade -> More income to finance infrastructure -> Better services

7. Transport ConnectivityTransport Connectivity for Landlocked Countriesfor Landlocked Countries as a tool of developmentas a tool of development

8. Sources for maps: http://www.ischool.drexel.edu/gissa/transport.html, http://www.mscgva.ch, Transport for London Transport analysis: Past: Port-to-port Today: Door-to-door Future: Network Transport networks

9. Introducing containerization leads to more trade Bernhofen et al, 2013 The Economist 18 May 2013

10. Higher Container Shipping Connectivity leads to lower trade costs (Arvis et al, 2013)

11. Better connectivity leads to lower freight rates (Wilmsmeier and Hoffmann, 2008)

12. … more so than distance (Wilmsmeier and Hoffmann, 2008)

13. Liner Shipping Connectivity

14. Trends http://stats.unctad.org/LSCI

15. Transport ConnectivityTransport Connectivity for Landlocked Countriesfor Landlocked Countries as a tool of developmentas a tool of development

16. Trade and Transport Facilitation is needed not to so much to cover “distance”, but to overcome border crossings.

17. The number of RTAs with trade facilitation provisions has grown six-fold in the last decade. Among new RTAs, more than 80% include Customs and other trade facilitation measures.

18. Interest of transit countries Transit traffic requires provision of services. Opportunities for investment in warehouses, vehicles and ports. Transit generates induced economic activities: restaurants & hotels, repairs & workshops, trade of petroleum products Economies of scale and improved connectivity reduce costs of the transit country’s own trade

19. Bali TF agreement: on transit Article 11 Freedom of Transit Article 1 (publication) Article 2 (consultations) Article 6 (penalty prov.) Article 7.7 (AEO) Article 8 (border agency cooperation) Article 10 (formalities) Also cover transit!

20. Special chapter in UNCTAD’s 2013 Review of Maritime Transport Assurance of uninterrupted transit: Consignments between trusted transit operator traders through trusted transit operator logistics providers should not be interrupted by any agency for any reason except in the case of clear evidence of a threat or violation. Assurance of uninterrupted transit should be adopted as a basic feature of all trusted transit operator programmes. Assurance of uninterrupted transit: Consignments between trusted transit operator traders through trusted transit operator logistics providers should not be interrupted by any agency for any reason except in the case of clear evidence of a threat or violation. Assurance of uninterrupted transit should be adopted as a basic feature of all trusted transit operator programmes.

21. Transport ConnectivityTransport Connectivity for Landlocked Countriesfor Landlocked Countries as a tool of developmentas a tool of development

22. Beyond trade policies… TTF is good for development Trade and Transport Facilitation reforms help to … formalize trade, save time and frustrations, improve governance, empower women entrepreneurs, strengthen regional integration, modernize public administrations, foster IT capacities, and increase revenue collection.

23. Beyond trade policies… TTF is good for development Trade and Transport Facilitation reforms help to … formalize trade

24. Beyond trade policies… TTF is good for development Trade and Transport Facilitation reforms help to … formalize trade save time and frustrations

25. Beyond trade policies… TTF is good for development Trade and Transport Facilitation reforms help to … formalize trade save time and frustrations, improve governance

26. Beyond trade policies… TTF is good for development Trade and Transport Facilitation reforms help to … formalize trade save time and frustrations improve governance empower women entrepreneurs

27. Beyond trade policies… TTF is good for development Trade and Transport Facilitation reforms help to … formalize trade save time and frustrations improve governance empower women entrepreneurs strengthen regional integration

28. Beyond trade policies… TTF is good for development Trade and Transport Facilitation reforms help to … formalize trade save time and frustrations improve governance empower women entrepreneurs strengthen regional integration modernize public administrations

29. Beyond trade policies… TTF is good for development Trade and Transport Facilitation reforms help to … formalize trade save time and frustrations improve governance empower women entrepreneurs strengthen regional integration modernize public administrations foster IT capacities

30. Beyond trade policies… TTF is good for development Trade and Transport Facilitation reforms help to … formalize trade save time and frustrations improve governance empower women entrepreneurs strengthen regional integration modernize public administrations foster IT capacities Improve security

31. Beyond trade policies… TTF is good for development Trade and Transport Facilitation reforms help to … formalize trade, save time and frustrations, improve governance, empower women entrepreneurs, strengthen regional integration, modernize public administrations, foster IT capacities, and increase revenue collection.

32. Beyond trade policies… TTF is good for development Trade and Transport Facilitation reforms help to … formalize trade, save time and frustrations, improve governance, empower women entrepreneurs, strengthen regional integration, modernize public administrations, foster IT capacities, Improve security, and increase revenue collection.

33. The introduction of ICTs by Customs encourages SMEs to also connect to the internet Developing ICTs

34. Developing Transit A framework for bank guarantees for transit trade helps improve the financial system

35. Developing trust Increased transparency is good for good governance in general

36. Developing Single Windows A single window experience for trade may help to introduce single windows elsewhere

37. Implementation is more difficult for LDCs

38. More trade -> More transport supply -> More competition -> lower freights -> More trade

39. More income to finance trade facilitation -> Better trade facilitation -> More Trade -> More income to finance trade facilitation

40. Better services -> More trade -> More income to finance infrastructure -> Better services

41. Transport ConnectivityTransport Connectivity for Landlocked Countriesfor Landlocked Countries as a tool of developmentas a tool of development

42. Lower Trade Costs -> More trade -> Economies of scale -> Lower Trade Costs … for both: landlocked and transit countries

43. Jan.Hoffmann@UNCTAD.org Lahore, December 2013 Transport Connectivity for Landlocked Countries as a tool of development Thank you