1. 1 Financial Crises and the Subprime Meltdown Chapter 9

2. 2 Financial Crisis A financial crisis happens when there is sharp declines in asset prices and widespread bankruptcies. A financial crisis happens when there is sharp declines in asset prices and widespread bankruptcies. Financial crises occur when there is a sharp increase in adverse selection and moral hazard. Financial crises occur when there is a sharp increase in adverse selection and moral hazard.

3. 3 Financial Crises: A sharp increase in asymmetric information that cripples the financial system

4. 4 Causes of Financial Crisis Increases in interest rates: Riskier investors remain in the market while safer ones exit. Increases in interest rates: Riskier investors remain in the market while safer ones exit. Increases in uncertainty: A major failure increases the uncertainty and inability of the lenders to gauge the creditworthiness of borrowers. Increases in uncertainty: A major failure increases the uncertainty and inability of the lenders to gauge the creditworthiness of borrowers. Balance sheet deterioration: Decline in asset values, rise in liabilities, decline in net worth. Balance sheet deterioration: Decline in asset values, rise in liabilities, decline in net worth. Banking sector problems: Deterioration of bank balance sheets. Banking sector problems: Deterioration of bank balance sheets. Government deficits: Possibility of default. Government deficits: Possibility of default.

5. 5 Balance Sheet Deterioration Stock market crash lowers the net worth of corporations. Stock market crash lowers the net worth of corporations. Adverse selection increases because the potential losses to lenders are higher. Adverse selection increases because the potential losses to lenders are higher. Moral hazard increases because borrowers have more incentives to engage in risky behavior. Moral hazard increases because borrowers have more incentives to engage in risky behavior. Unanticipated deflation raises liabilities. Unanticipated deflation raises liabilities. Debt is usually long-term, fixed interest rate. Debt is usually long-term, fixed interest rate. Falling prices raise the real value of nominal debt. Falling prices raise the real value of nominal debt. Assets are usually real, so they do not gain value. Assets are usually real, so they do not gain value. Net worth declines. Net worth declines.

6. 6 Balance Sheet Deterioration Exchange rate risk may deteriorate balance sheets. Exchange rate risk may deteriorate balance sheets. If contracts are denominated in foreign currency, any unanticipated devaluation or depreciation of domestic currency increases real value of debt. If contracts are denominated in foreign currency, any unanticipated devaluation or depreciation of domestic currency increases real value of debt. Assets are usually denominated in domestic currency. Assets are usually denominated in domestic currency. Rise in interest rates may increase interest payments by debtors. Rise in interest rates may increase interest payments by debtors. Cash flow will fall lowering the liquidity of the firm. Cash flow will fall lowering the liquidity of the firm.

7. 7 Deterioration of the balance sheets of the banks impede intermediation Financial institutions provide loans for economic activity. Deterioration makes loans less available. Recession. Financial institutions provide loans for economic activity. Deterioration makes loans less available. Recession.

8. 8 Banking Crisis If financial institutions have severe deterioration of balance sheet, bank panic may occur when multiple banks fail simultaneously. In the absence of deposit insurance asymmetric information about banks loan portfolio spurs a panic. If financial institutions have severe deterioration of balance sheet, bank panic may occur when multiple banks fail simultaneously. In the absence of deposit insurance asymmetric information about banks loan portfolio spurs a panic. When banks fail their accumulated information that allows them to make loans to firms also evaporates. There is a loss of information production, loss of financial intermediation, shrinking of the supply of funds, higher interest rates, asymmetric information problems, severe contraction in economic activity. When banks fail their accumulated information that allows them to make loans to firms also evaporates. There is a loss of information production, loss of financial intermediation, shrinking of the supply of funds, higher interest rates, asymmetric information problems, severe contraction in economic activity.

9. 9 Increases in Uncertainty Failure of a prominent institution, recession, stock market crash make it hard for lenders to screen good from bad credit risks. Asymmetric information leads to contraction. Failure of a prominent institution, recession, stock market crash make it hard for lenders to screen good from bad credit risks. Asymmetric information leads to contraction.

10. 10 Increases in Interest Rates Higher interest rates eliminates low risk ventures and keeps the high risk ones. Adverse selection. Higher interest rates eliminates low risk ventures and keeps the high risk ones. Adverse selection. Increases in interest rates squeezes cash flow: receipts down, payments up. High cash flow firms can finance projects internally, low cash flow requires outside financing. Adverse selection and moral hazard increase, less lending, recession. Increases in interest rates squeezes cash flow: receipts down, payments up. High cash flow firms can finance projects internally, low cash flow requires outside financing. Adverse selection and moral hazard increase, less lending, recession.

11. Government Fiscal Imbalances: sovereign risk increases Increase government debt, especially foreign debt, raises fears of default

12. 12 Government can't find lenders and forces banks to buy the bonds If government default fears emerge, government bonds lose value, their interest rate rise. Institutions holding these bonds see their asset value decline If government default fears emerge, government bonds lose value, their interest rate rise. Institutions holding these bonds see their asset value decline Balance sheets deteriorate Balance sheets deteriorate

13. 13 Foreign exchange crisis Banks liabilities in foreign currency expand Banks liabilities in foreign currency expand

14. 14 Mexican Financial Crisis of ‘94-95 Deregulation of financial markets led to a lending boom. Deregulation of financial markets led to a lending boom. Unperforming loans increased causing a decline in net worth of banks. Unperforming loans increased causing a decline in net worth of banks. Weak supervision of regulators Weak supervision of regulators Inability to monitor borrowers Inability to monitor borrowers Lending slowed (tight credit market). Lending slowed (tight credit market).

15. 15 Tequila Crisis of ‘94-95 Interest rate hikes in the US forced Mexico to raise its interest rates to keep the value of peso. Interest rate hikes in the US forced Mexico to raise its interest rates to keep the value of peso. Higher interest rates increased adverse selection and moral hazard. Higher interest rates increased adverse selection and moral hazard. Assassinations and uprisings increased uncertainty. Assassinations and uprisings increased uncertainty. Stock market crashed reducing net worth. Stock market crashed reducing net worth. Firms had incentives to undertake risky investments because the value of their collateral fell. Firms had incentives to undertake risky investments because the value of their collateral fell. Adverse selection and moral hazard problems rose. Adverse selection and moral hazard problems rose.

16. 16 Tequila Crisis of ‘94-95 Expected value of Mexican peso dropped forcing the spot value downward as well. Expected value of Mexican peso dropped forcing the spot value downward as well. Due to NAFTA, tariffs and quotas were to be removed. Due to NAFTA, tariffs and quotas were to be removed. Inflation in 1990-95 period had fallen to 15.5% from 70.4% during 1980-90 period but it still was significantly higher than the US to which the peso was pegged. Inflation in 1990-95 period had fallen to 15.5% from 70.4% during 1980-90 period but it still was significantly higher than the US to which the peso was pegged. From 1980 to 1995 trade as a percentage of GDP doubled from 24% to 48%. From 1980 to 1995 trade as a percentage of GDP doubled from 24% to 48%. Source: The World Bank, World Development Report 1997, pp. 219, 235, 245

17. 17 U.S. Financial Crises

18. 18 Third World Financial Crises

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21. 21 http://timeline.stlouisfed.org/

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24. 24 ABCPAsset-Backed Commercial Paper

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29. 29 Amartya Sen: http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22490? http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22490 Martin Wolf: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c6c5bd36-0c0c-11de-b87d- 0000779fd2ac.html?nclick_check=1 http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c6c5bd36-0c0c-11de-b87d- 0000779fd2ac.html?nclick_check=1http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c6c5bd36-0c0c-11de-b87d- 0000779fd2ac.html?nclick_check=1 Brooksley Born: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/warning/view/?utm_campaign=homepa ge&utm_medium=top5&utm_source=top5 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/warning/view/?utm_campaign=homepa ge&utm_medium=top5&utm_source=top5 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/warning/view/?utm_campaign=homepa ge&utm_medium=top5&utm_source=top5 Paul Krugman: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/06/magazine/06Economic- t.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/06/magazine/06Economic- t.html?_r=1&pagewanted=allhttp://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/06/magazine/06Economic- t.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all