1. Points of Interest Acromion Process Lateral Epicondyle
Radial Process of Ulna
Styloid Process of Ulna
CMC, MCP, PIP, DIP
Metacarpals
Humerus
Femur

2. Points of Interest Ulna Greater Trochanter
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
External Auditory Meatus
Top of Skull
Inferior Angle of Scapula
External Occipital Protuberance
Cervical Vertebrae
Thoracic Vertebrae
Sacral Vertebrae

3. Points of Interest
These points of interest will be explored in greater detail in the individual tests
By the end of the experiments, students will be able to locate and name these points of interest

4. Tools for Experiments Goniometer Tape Measurer Chair or Stool Towel
Table or Bench
Spread Sheet for Data

5. Set 1 of Test (Standing) 1. Torsal Rotation 2. Scapular Motion
3. Neck Movement
4. Spinal Extension

6. Torsal Rotation Points of Interest: Acromion Process Top of Skull

7. Torsal Rotation Subject in standing neutral position
Goniometer is placed on center of skull
Acromion process is located
Line up with the right shoulder
Both arms of goniometer are lined up with acromion process
Subject rotates torso to the right
One arm of goniometer remains stationary while the other finds the final location of acromion process after rotation

8. Scapular Motion above Head
Points of Interest:
Inferior angle of Scapula
Thoracic Vertebra

9. Scapular Motion above Head
Subject is standing in neutral position
Hands by side
Inferior Angle of Scapula located
Thoracic Vertebrae horizontal to Inferior Angle is located
Use a tape measurer
Head of tape measurer placed at Inferior angle
Measure to the Thoracic Vertebrae (centimeters)

10. Scapular Motion above Head
Subject will rotate their arm above head
Start from side and rotate out and upward
Locate the same two points of interest
Measure horizontally from the Thoracic to the Inferior Angle

11. Scapular Motion behind Back
Perform the same experiment in opposite direction
Same points of interest
Instead of subject rotating arm above their head, it will rotate behind their back
Measurements will be taken the same as before

12. Scapular Adduction Subject is standing in neutral position
Arm and elbow making a 90 degree angle with the ground
The elbow should be bent with the palm balled into a fist making a 90 degree angle at the elbow
Inferior Angle of Scapula located
Thoracic Vertebrae horizontal to Inferior Angle is located
Use a tape measurer
Head of tape measurer placed at Inferior angle
Measure to the Thoracic Vertebrae (centimeters)

13. Scapular Adduction
Subject will rotate their arm to full adduction in front of their chest
Locate the same two points of interest
Measure horizontally from the Thoracic to the Inferior Angle

14. Scapular Abduction Perform the same experiment in opposite direction
Same points of interest
Instead of subject rotating arm in front of chest, they will rotate their arm in the hind position
Measurements will be taken the same as before

15. Neck Motion Points of Interest: External Occipital Protuberance
C7 Vertebrae
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16. Neck Motion Subject should stand in neutral position Use Goniometer
Hands by side
Locate the Occipital Protuberance and Cervical Vertebrae (C7)
Use Goniometer
Fully extend the goniometer and place the center of the goniometer at the C7
The stationary arm is parallel to the ground
The moving arm is placed at Protuberance

17. Neck Motion
Subject will flex their neck in toward their right shoulder
The moving arm will move to find the final position of the Occipital Protuberance

18. Spinal Extension Points of Interest: Cervical Vertebrae 7
Sacral Vertebrae 1

19. Spinal Extension Subject is in a standing neutral position
Arms by side
Locate the C7 and S1 vertebrae on the spine
Use a tape measurer
Measure from the C7 to the S1 in centimeters
The subject will bend forward at the waist
Similar to doing a spinal test at the doctor
Try to touch the fingers to toes

20. Spinal Extension
Take final measurements from the new location of the C7 and S1 vertebrae

21. Set 2 of Test (Sitting) 1. Neck Rotation 2. Shoulder Joint Rotation
3. Wrist Rotation
4. Hip Joint Rotation
5. Metacarpal Extension

22. Neck Rotation Points of Interest: Top of Skull Acromion Process
Center of Nose
Base of Nose
External Auditory Meatus
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23. Right Neck Rotation Subject will sit in a chair Use a Goniometer
Neutral position
Points of interest are located at the top of the skull, center of the nose, and the Acromion Process
Use a Goniometer
The center of the goniometer is placed on the top of the skull
The moving arm is facing in the direction of the center of the nose
The stationary arm is in the direction of the Acromion Process

24. Right Neck Rotation
Subject will rotate their neck towards the right to maximal position
Upper torso is to remain neutral
The stationary arm does not move
The moving arm finds the final position of the nose

25. Upward Neck Rotation Subject will sit in a chair Use a Goniometer
Neutral position
External Auditory Meatus is located
Base of the Nose is Located
Use a Goniometer
The center of the goniometer is placed at the External Auditory Meatus
The moving arm is facing in the direction of the Base of the Nose
The stationary arm is in a perpendicular position

26. Upward Neck Rotation
Subject will rotate their neck upwards to its maximal position
Upper torso is to remain neutral
The stationary arm does not move
The moving arm finds the final position of the Base of the Nose

27. Downward Neck Rotation
Perform the same experiment in opposite direction
Same points of interest
Instead of subject rotating their neck upward, they will rotate their neck in the downward position
Measurements will be taken the same as before

28. Shoulder Rotation Points of Interest: Acromion Process
Lateral Epicondyle
Note: the figure is not representative of the position of the subject, but it does show the points of interest

29. Shoulder Rotation Adduction
Subject is sitting in neutral position
Right arm and elbow making a 90 degree angle with the ground
The elbow should be bent with the palm balled into a fist making a 90 degree angle at the elbow
Acromion Process is located
Lateral Epicondyle is located

30. Shoulder Rotation Adduction
Use Goniometer
Fully extended with the center on the Acromion Process
Stationary arm is extended in the direction of the neck
The moving arm is extended in the direction of the Lateral Epicondyle
Subject will rotate their arm to full adduction in front of their chest
Locate the same two points of interest
The moving arm will locate the final position of the Lateral Epicondyle

31. Shoulder Rotation Abduction
Perform the same experiment in opposite direction
Same points of interest
Instead of subject rotating arm in front of chest, they will rotate their arm in the hind position
Measurements will be taken the same as before

32. Wrist Rotation Points of Interest: Lateral Epicondyle
Styloid Process of the Ulna
MCP
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33. Upward Wrist Rotation
Subject is sitting in neutral position with arm rested on a table
Shoulder and elbow make about a 45 degree angle with table
The elbow should be bent 90 degrees with the wrist on the edge of the table
The metacarpals loosely flexed over the edge of the table
Styloid Process of the Ulna is located
Lateral Epicondyle is located
The MCP of the 5th metacarpal is located

34. Upward Wrist Rotation Use a Goniometer
Fully extended to about 180 degrees
Center is placed on the Styloid Process
Stationary Arm is in the direction of the Epicondyle
Moving arm is in the direction of the MCP of the 5th metacarpal
Subject will rotate their wrist as far upward as possible
Locate the same two points of interest
The moving arm will locate the final position of the MCP

35. Downward Wrist Rotation
Perform the same experiment in opposite direction
Same points of interest
Instead of subject rotating wrist upward, they rotate downward
Measurements will be taken the same as before

36. Right Wrist Rotation
Subject is sitting in neutral position with arm rested on a table
Shoulder and elbow make about a 45 degree angle with table
The elbow should be bent 90 degrees with the wrist on the edge of the table
The metacarpals flexed over the edge of the table
Styloid Process of the Ulna is located
Lateral Epicondyle is located
The MCP of the 3rd metacarpal is located

37. Right Wrist Rotation Use a Goniometer
Fully extended to about 180 degrees
Center is placed on top of the Styloid Process
Stationary Arm is in the direction of the Epicondyle
Moving arm is in the direction of the MCP of the 3rd metacarpal
Subject will rotate their wrist as far right as possible
Locate the same two points of interest
The moving arm will locate the final position of the MCP

38. Left Wrist Rotation Perform the same experiment in opposite direction
Same points of interest
Instead of subject rotating wrist right, they rotate left
Measurements will be taken the same as before

39. Hip Joint Rotation Points of Interest: Patella Mid-Tarsus Area

40. Inward Hip Rotation Subject sitting on table/bench Use Goniometer
Locate the Patella
Locate the muscled area between the Tarsus and Metatarsus
Use Goniometer
Goniometer should be at 0 degrees with both arms perpendicular to the ground
Goniometer should be placed on the patella with the arms facing the mid-tarsus area

41. Inward Hip Rotation Subject will rotate their foot outward
Foot should be flexed and parallel to the ground
Knee will rotate inward
Upper torso should remain neutral
Locate the same points of interest
Stationary arm will remain perpendicular to the ground
The moving arm will find the final location of the mid-tarsus area

42. Outward Hip Rotation Perform the same experiment in opposite direction
Same points of interest
Instead of subject rotating foot outward, they rotate the foot inward
Measurements will be taken the same as before

43. Metacarpal Extension Points of Interest: MCP of 1st Metacarpal
MCP of 2nd Metacarpal
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44. Metacarpal Extension Subject is sitting with hand on a table
CMC, MCP, PIP, and DIP are neutral on the surface of the table
Dorsal aspect of the hand between the 1st and 2nd MCP joints is located
Use Goniometer
Center is placed on the dorsal aspectect between the 1st and 2nd MCP joints
Stationary arm is on the 2nd metacarpal
Moving Arm is on the 1st metacarpal

45. Metacarpal Extension Subject will fully extend the 1st metacarpal
The moving arm will locate the new location of the 1st metacarpal MCP joint

46. Set 3 of Test (Supine) 1. Hip Rotation 2. Shoulder Joint Rotation
3. Elbow Flexion

47. Hip Rotation Points of Interest: Anterior Superior Iliac Spine Patella
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48. Hip Abduction Subject In Supine Position Use Goniometer
Laying on back in neutral position
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine located on both hips
The left patella is located
Use Goniometer
The center is placed on the left ASIS
Stationary arm is facing the right ASIS
Moving arm is facing the patella

49. Hip Abduction Subject will abduct leg outward to maximal position
Rest of the body should remain neutral
The center is placed on the left ASIS
Stationary arm is facing the right ASIS
Moving arm locates the final position of the left patella

50. Hip Adduction Subject in supine position Use Goniometer
Laying on back in neutral position
Right Leg is abducted to maximal extension
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine located on both hips
The left patella is located
Use Goniometer
The center is placed on the left ASIS
Stationary arm is facing the right ASIS
Moving arm is facing the left patella

51. Hip Adduction
Subject will adduct left leg maximally inward to meet the right leg
Rest of the body should remain neutral
The center is placed on the left ASIS
Stationary arm is facing the right ASIS
Moving arm locates the final position of the left patella

52. Hip Rotation toward Chest
Points of Interest:
Lateral area of Femur
Greater Trochantor
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53. Hip Rotation toward Chest
Subject in supine position
Laying on back in neutral position
Greater Trochantor is located on the hip
The lateral area of the femur is located
Use Goniometer
The center is placed on the Greater Trochantor
Stationary arm is facing the upper torso midline
Moving arm is facing the lateral area of the femur

54. Hip Rotation toward Chest
Subject will bring their knee to their chest
Opposing leg should remain on the table
The center is placed on the Greater Trochantor
Stationary arm is facing the upper torso midline
Moving arm will find the final position of the lateral area of the femur

55. Shoulder Joint Rotation
Points of Interest:
Humerus
Olecranon Process
Styloid Process of Ulna
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56. Shoulder Joint Rotation Down
Subject in supine position
Lay in neutral position
Towel under humerus
Arm and upper torso make 90 degree angle with table
Elbow is bent 90 degrees with the hand balled into a fist perpendicular to the table (facing ceiling)

57. Shoulder Joint Rotation Down
Olecranon Process is located
Styloid Process of Ulna is located
Use Goniometer
Goniometer is fully extended
Center of goniometer is placed at the Olecranon Process of the elbow
The moving arm is facing the Styloid Process of the Ulna
The stationary arm is perpendicular to the floor

58. Shoulder Joint Rotation Down
Subject will rotate the shoulder maximally inward
Fist will be facing the floor at the end of the movement
Center of goniometer is placed at the Olecranon Process of the elbow
The moving arm will face the new location of the Styloid Process of the Ulna
The stationary arm is perpendicular to the floor

59. Shoulder Joint Rotation Upward
From the position of the last test, the subject will rotate the arm and shoulder in the opposite direction
Same points of interest
Measurements will be taken the same as before

60. Shoulder Joint Rotation Out
Subject in Supine Position
Arm by side
Top of humerus near Acromion Process is located
Lateral Epicondyle located
Use Goniometer
Goniometer is closed
Center is placed on the shoulder
Arms are facing the Lateral Epicondyle

61. Shoulder Joint Rotation Out
Subject rotates arm outward and above the head
Center is placed on the shoulder
Stationary arm facing the previous position of the Lateral Epicondyle
Moving arm facing the final position of the Lateral Epicondyle

62. Shoulder Joint Rotation In
From the position of the last test, the subject will rotate the arm and shoulder in the opposite direction
Same points of interest
Measurements will be taken the same as before

63. Elbow Flexion Upward Subject in supine position Use Goniometer
Laying on back in neutral position, legs slightly bent with arm fully extended
Elbow is supported by a rolled up towel
Lateral Epicondyle of the elbow is located
The lateral aspect of the Acromium Process is located
Radial Process of the Ulna is located
Use Goniometer
The center is placed on the Lateral Epicondyle
Stationary arm is facing Acromium Process
Moving arm is facing the Radial Process of the Ulna

64. Elbow Flexion Upward
Subject will flex the arm maximally towards the Acromium Process
The center is placed on the Lateral Epicondyle
Stationary arm is facing Acromium Process
Moving arm is facing the final position of the Radial Process of the Ulna

65. Elbow Flexion Downward
Perform the same experiment in opposite direction
Same points of interest
Instead of subject flexing upward, they flex downward
Measurements will be taken the same as before