1. PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany
Hole’s Human
Anatomy and Physiology
Eleventh Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter 22
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. Chapter 22 Reproductive Systems
Male reproductive organs

3. Male Reproductive Organs
posterior view

4. Descent of the Testes
During fetal development, each testis develops near a kidney and then descends through an inguinal canal and enters the scrotum completing the journey by the eighth gestational month.

5. Structure of the Testes

6. Formation of Sperm Cells

7. Spermatogenesis

8. Crossing Over mixes up genetic traits
different colors represent the fact that one homologous chromosome comes from the individual’s father and one from the mother

9. Crossing Over
the genetic information in sperm cells and egg cells varies from cell to cell

10. Structure of a Sperm Cell

11. Male Internal Accessory Organs
epididymides
vasa deferentia
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands

12. Epididymides tightly coiled tubes connected to ducts within testis
promote maturation of sperm cells

13. Vasa Deferentia muscular tubes about 45 cm each
extends from epididymis to ejaculatory duct

14. Seminal Vesicles attached to vas deferens near base of bladder
secrete alkaline fluid
secrete fructose and prostaglandins
contents empty into ejaculatory duct

15. Prostate Gland surrounds proximal portion of urethra
ducts of gland open into urethra
secretes a thin, milky, alkaline fluid
secretion enhances fluid mobility
composed of tubular glands in connective tissue
also contains smooth muscle

16. Bulbourethral Glands inferior to the prostate gland
secrete mucus-like fluid
fluid released in response to sexual stimulation

17. Semen
sperm cells
secretions of seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands
slightly alkaline
prostaglandins
nutrients
120 million sperm cells per milliliter

18. Male External Reproductive Organs
scrotum
penis

19. Scrotum pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue
dartos muscle – smooth muscle in subcutaneous tissue; contracts to cause wrinkling of the scrotum
medial septum divides scrotum into two chambers
each chamber lines with a serous membrane
each chamber houses a testis and epididymis

20. Penis conveys urine and semen
specialized to become erect for insertion into the vagina

21. Penis

22. Erection, Orgasm, and Ejaculation
parasympathetic nerve impulses
blood accumulates in erectile tissues
Orgasm
culmination of sexual stimulation
accompanied by emission and ejaculation
Ejaculation
emission is the movement of semen into urethra
ejaculation is the movement of semen out of the urethra
largely dependent on sympathetic nerve impulses

23. Mechanism of Penile Erection

24. Mechanism of Emission and Ejaculation

25. Functions of the Male Reproductive Organs

26. Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Functions
hypothalamus controls maturation of sperm cells and development of male secondary sex characteristics
negative feedback among the hypothalamus, the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, and the testes controls the concentration of testosterone

27. Actions of Testosterone
increased growth of body hair
sometimes decreased growth of scalp hair
enlargement of larynx and thickening of vocal cords
thickening of skin
increased muscular growth
thickening and strengthening of the bones

28. Organs of the Female Reproductive System

29. Transverse Section of Female Pelvic Cavity

30. Ovary Attachments

31. Primordial Follicles

32. Oogenesis
the process of egg cell formation

33. Follicle Maturation
Primordial follicle
Mature (Graafian) follicle

34. Follicle Maturation

35. Ovulation

36. Ovulation

37. Female Internal Accessory Organs
uterine tubes
uterus
vagina

38. Uterine Tubes
convey eggs toward the uterus

39. Lining of Uterine Tubes

40. Uterine Wall

41. Uterus
hollow muscular organ that receives the embryo that has been fertilized in the uterine tube

42. Vagina
fibromuscular tube that conveys uterine secretions, receives the penis during intercourse, and provides an open channel for offspring

43. Female External Reproductive Organs
labia majora
labia minora
clitoris
vestibular glands

44. Labia Majora rounded folds of adipose tissue and skin
enclose and protect the other external reproductive parts
ends form a rounded elevation over the symphysis pubis

45. Labia Minora flattened, longitudinal folds between the labia majora
well supplied with blood vessels

46. Clitoris small projection at the anterior end of the vulva
analogous to the male penis
composed of two columns of erectile tissue
root is attached to the sides of the pubic arch

47. Vestibule
space between the labia minora that encloses the vaginal and urethral openings
vestibular glands secrete mucus into the vestibule during sexual stimulation

48. Functions of the Female Reproductive Organs

49. Erection, Lubrication, and Orgasm

50. Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Functions
estrogens inhibit LH and FSH during most of the reproductive cycle

51. Effects of Estrogens
development of breasts and ductile system of the mammary glands
increased adipose tissue in breasts, thighs, and buttocks
increases vascularization of skin

52. Female Reproductive Cycle

53. Female Reproductive Cycle

54. Hormonal Control of Female Secondary Sex Characteristics

55. Menopause usually occurs in late 40s or early 50s
reproductive cycles stop
ovaries no longer produce as much estrogens and progesterone
some female secondary sex characteristics may disappear
may produce hot flashes and fatigue
hormone therapy may prevent effects on bone tissue

56. Mammary Glands
located in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior thorax within the breasts
composed of lobes
estrogens stimulate breast development in females

57. Birth Control coitus interruptus rhythm method mechanical barriers
condom
diaphragm
cervical cap
spermicidal foams or jellies
chemical barriers
spermicides
oral contraceptives
hormonal
injectable contraception
intrauterine devices
surgical methods
vasectomy
tubal ligation

58. Surgical Methods of Birth Control
Vasectomy
Tubal ligation

59. Sexually Transmitted Diseases
silent infections
most are bacterial and can be cured
herpes, warts, and AIDS are viral and cannot be cured
many cause infertility
AIDS causes death
symptoms of STDs include
burning sensation during urination
pain in lower abdomen
fever or swollen glands
discharge from vagina or penis
pain, itch, or inflammation in genital or anal area
sores, blisters, bumps or rashes
itchy runny eyes

60. Clinical Application Prostate Enlargement
benign prostatic hypertrophy occurs in most men over 50
BPH causes frequent urination
risk factors include a fatty diet, having had a vasectomy, exposure to certain environmental factors, and inheriting a a particular gene that also causes breast cancer
treatments include surgical removal, drugs, insertion of balloon into urethra, freezing of tumor, or insertion of a stent between lobes of prostate to relieve pressure on urethra