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Published byChana Esten Modified over 10 years ago
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RT 124 SPRING WEEK 1 – Part 1 CHEST & ABD A “Self Study” Review
Rev Spring 2010
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RT 124 - WEEK 1 (Part 2) is the Lecture Presentation for:
Chest II AP: SUPINE, SEMI-UPRIGHT – UPRIGHT R & L DECUBITUS LATERAL – PT ON GURNEY OR IN W/C ABDOMEN AP SUPINE, UPRIGHT, LLD RT 124 – Wk 1 – Part 1 Lecture on web can be reviewed for basic CHEST & ABD anatomy.
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A quick review of CHEST Dedicated Chest Unit
X-ray machine designed to perform routine chest imaging tube has fixed alignment with imaging plate (IP) when tube moves, IP moves Non-CR has film unit includes stationary grid magazine to hold unexposed film direct hook-up to processor [or magazine for exposed film] ID flasher on unit Digital Chest Unit
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Body Habitus
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CASSETTES W/ GRID CAPS
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Grids Allow primary radiation to reach the image receptor (IR)
Absorb most scattered radiation Primary disadvantage of grid use Grid lines on film
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CR GRIDS
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CHEST ANATOMY REVIEW
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Chest Anatomy Thoracic cavity (chest) Surrounded by boney thorax
Separated from abdomen by diaphragm Muscular partition Dome shaped Lungs drape over diaphragm
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Bony Thorax ENCLOSE THE ORGANS ATTACH UPPER EXTREMITY Anterior
STERNUM (breast bone) 12 PAIR OF RIBS 12 THORACIC VERTEBRA ATTACH UPPER EXTREMITY 2 CLAVICLES 2 SCAPULA Anterior Posterior
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Thoracic Cavity Sections of the thoracic cavity
Pleural portion (lungs) Mediastinum (between lungs) Pericardial portion (heart)
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Respiratory System 1. Lungs Lobes Terminology Right 3 lobes
Left 2 lobes Terminology Apex Hilum Base Costophrenic angles A H B C C
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Bronchial Tree 2. Bronchi Air tubes leading into the lung
Right more vertical than left Branching structure Primary è 2ndary è teritiary... Only primary visible on PA projection P
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Trachea 3. Trachea In mediastinum Passageway for air to/from lungs
Approx. 4½" Long Air visible on images T
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Circulatory System 1. Heart 2. Great blood vessels 4 Chambered pump
Aorta Vena cava Pulmonary Artery Not seen on image A VC PA VC
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Miscellaneous Mediastinum contents Trachea Major vessels Esophagus
Lymphatics Heart Thymus
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Chest Examinations Most common projections Less common projections
PA in an erect position Right to left lateral in an erect position Less common projections AP -- erect or recumbent position Lateral decubitus
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Routine PA & L Lateral 1. Erect position 2. 72" Sid
Diaphragm moves more inferior Demonstrates air-fluid levels Prevents blood pooling in gr. vessels 2. 72" Sid ê magnification of heart
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Routine PA & L Lateral (cont.)
3. Breath held on inspiration Expands lung fields depresses diaphragm Provides contrast (air vs. tissue) inspiration expiration 4. Film (adult) 14X17 lengthwise (may be crosswise on broad chested male)
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Routine PA & L Lateral (cont.)
5. Technical factors High kVp (>100) long scale contrast High mA & short time reduces motion AEC Grid decrease scatter on image
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PA Projection (erect anterior position)
Patient Standing -- weight on both feet Anterior chest against IP MS plane perpendicular to IP & floor Chin raised Posterior of hands on hips or machine “hug” Shoulders depressed & rotated forward
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PA Projection (cont.) X-ray beam Collimation (very little) CR
to film in MS plane at T 7 Collimation (very little) Full length of film To lateral edges of patient
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PA Projection (cont.) Film evaluation Complete anatomy shown apices
(chin elevated) base (both costophrenic angles) scapulae out of lungs (shoulder rotation) respiration (10 posterior ribs)
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PA Projection (cont.) Minimal rotation Symmetry of SC joints
MS plane to lateral ribs = distance
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PA Projection (cont.) Technique Other
Vertebra seen through heart (kVp) "Good" density Other no film artifacts no motion (blur)
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PA Chest Anatomy
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Radiographic Anatomy -- PA
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Erect Left Lateral Chest
Patient Standing with weight on both feet L side against film holder Chin raised Arms elevated & immobilized Align MS plane parallel to the film to the floor
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Left Lateral Chest (cont.)
X-ray beam CR to film in midaxillary plane at level of T7 (slightly lower than T7 ok) Collimation full length of film to anterior & posterior surfaces of patient
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Abdomen Anatomy Abdominopelvic cavity Abdomen Pelvic cavity
diaphragm to pelvic inlet Pelvic cavity pelvic inlet to floor muscles of the cavity
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Abdomen Anatomy (cont.)
Divisions 4 Quadrants (clinical) 9 Regions (anatomic)
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Abdomen Anatomy (cont.)
Boney anatomy lower ribs & T11-T12 lumbar spine (5) sacrum & coccyx innominate (2) iliac portion ischial portion pubic portion femur head & neck trochanters
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Abdomen Anatomy (cont.)
Topographic (positioning) landmarks Iliac crest (level of L4-5) Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) Greater trochanter of femur Pubic symphysis Iliac Crest Lumbar Vertebra ASIS Greater Trochanter Symphysis Pubis
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Abdomen Anatomy (cont.)
Major muscles (radiographically) Diaphragm R and L psoas muscles
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Major Abdominal Organs
liver (triangular) stomach gall bladder pancreas spleen large bowel small bowel duodenum jejunum ileum
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Urinary Organs & Major Vessels
adrenal gland kidney vena cava ureter aorta urinary bladder urethra
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Abdominal Organ Systems
Digestive System (gastrointestinal; GI tract) Stomach Fundus (gas bubble present in erect position) Body Pyloric antrum A B C
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GI System (cont.) Small intestines (small bowel) duodenum
("c" shape; bulb) jejunum ileum A B C
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GI System (cont.) Large intestine (colon) Cecum (valve; appendix)
Ascending colon Hepatic flexure Transverse colon Splenic flexure Descending colon Sigmoid colon (flexure) Rectum (valve) E C D B F A G H
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1. GI System (cont.) Other GI tract organs A B C D Liver Gall bladder
Bile ducts (liver > gall bladder > duodenum) Pancreas A B C D
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2. Circulatory System Vessels & Spleen
Aorta Vena Cava
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3. Urinary System Kidneys (R & L) T12 to L3 Ureters (R & L)
Urinary Bladder (pelvic organ) Urethra A B C D
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Abdominal Radiography
Patient preparation KUB & acute abdomen Remove radiopaque clothing & gown Otherwise "as is“ Breathing instructions Expose after patient exhales "Take deep breath, blow it all out, stop breathing" Watch patient while giving instructions Contrast media exams Dietary & bowel preps usually required
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Abdominal Radiography (cont.)
Exposure factors (non contrast media) Medium kVp adequate penetration moderate contrast Short exposure time decrease involuntary motion on image Enough mAs for sufficient density Film markers Radiation protection Check for pregnancy on all women Gonadal shielding (???) Collimation to film edge top & bottom to patient width on sides
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Abdomen AP projection, supine position
KUB, flat plate, plain film, scout film Patient position -- Supine on table with pillow for head support sponge for knees arms at but away from sides legs extended, internally rotatedMidsagittal plane perpendicular to table parallel to table length R & L ASIS level Shoulders level
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Abdominal Radiography (cont.)
Film & centering 14X17 cassette lengthwise in table bucky Center of film at level of iliac crests CR to center of film passing through the MS plane at level of iliac crests adjust to include pubic symphysis at lower edge of film
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Abdominal Radiography (cont.)
Film evaluation No rotation symmetry of pelvis & spine Complete anatomy with no motion vertebral column in center of image symphysis pubis at bottom of image kidneys, liver, spleen at top of image
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Abdominal Radiography (cont.)
density & contrast adequate to see Psoas muscles lumbar transverse processes ribs kidney & liver margins
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Other Abdominal Projections/Positions
AP projection in an erect position CR 2" above iliac crests in MS plane AP or PA projection in a lateral decubitus position
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Abdominal Radiography (cont.)
Lateral in a recumbent or erect position Seldom done due to level of radiation lack of significant diagnostic information
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