1. Swine and The Swine Industry

2. Origin and Domestication of Swine Today’s swine originated from: European Wild Boar – still exist in Europe Black and gray or brown East Indian Pig (several types) These two crossed to form modern swine breeds

3. Swine Breeds 1. Maternal breeds – typically white; excel in litter size, fertility, milk production. 2. Paternal (sire) breeds – typically colored; excel in leanness, muscling, growth rate. 3. Corporate swine breeding companies ie. DeKalb, Pig Improvement Company (PIC). ie. DeKalb, Pig Improvement Company (PIC). sell synthetic “lines” of breeding stock sell synthetic “lines” of breeding stock hybrids of 2 or more breeds to form “lines” hybrids of 2 or more breeds to form “lines” sire/terminal or maternal lines sire/terminal or maternal lines

4. Yorkshire maternal breed – 1 st in USA England (Large White) white, erect ears excels in: –litter size –milk production –fertility

5. Chester White maternal breed – 7 th in USA Pennsylvania white, small drooping ears excels in: –litter size –milk production –fertility

6. Landrace maternal breed 4 th in USA Denmark white, large drooping ears excels in: –litter size –milk production –fertility

7. Duroc paternal breed – 2 nd in USA New York/New Jersey solid red color excels in: –leanness –growth –muscling

8. Hampshire paternal sire – 3 rd in USA Boone County, KY black, white belt excels in: –leanness –growth –muscling

9. Spots (Spotted) paternal sire – 5 th in USA Putnam County, IN black and white spots drooping ears excels in: –leanness –growth –muscling

10. Poland China Dual purpose – 8 th in USA Warren County, OH black, white on legs, snout and tail drooping ears excels in: –growth –litter size

11. Berkshire Paternal sire – 6 th in USA England black, white on legs, snout and tail erect ears excels in: –growth –litter size

12. Swine Breeds Few (< 1%) purebred hogs in US Used in some purebreed crossing systems Crossbreds: 20-30% more efficient in production Use terminal and maternal lines and corporate hybrids e.g. Landrace x Yorkshire sows Hampshire x Duroc boars

13. Premier Swine Breeding Company MATERNAL LINES TERMINAL LINES

14. Grading Pork Carcasses No standard Quality grades Must have “acceptable” quality to meet standard Grading System USDA # 1, 2, 3, 4, Utility Lean yield from ham, loin, blade shoulder and picnic shoulder 1 > 53% 250 – 52.9 347- 49.9 4< 47 Based upon back-fat and muscling score

15. Ideal Market Hog-Primary Product Standards set by National Pork Producers Council Market weight = 260 lbs Days to 260 lbs = 160 days avg. Loin eye area = 6.8 sq. in. avg. High fat free lean index from terminal crossbreeding program

16. Swine Breeds Few (< 1%) purebred hogs in US Few (< 1%) purebred hogs in US Used in some purebreed crossing systems Used in some purebreed crossing systems Source of known genetics for development of hybrids Source of known genetics for development of hybrids Crossbreds: 20-30% more efficient in production = HETEROSIS Crossbreds: 20-30% more efficient in production = HETEROSIS Use terminal and maternal lines and corporate hybrids Use terminal and maternal lines and corporate hybrids e.g. Landrace x Yorkshire sows e.g. Landrace x Yorkshire sows Hampshire x Duroc boars Hampshire x Duroc boars

17. Pork Quality – PSE pork

18. Pale, soft Pale, soft less appealing to consumer less appealing to consumer water loss affects yield and profitability for processors water loss affects yield and profitability for processors associated with porcine stress syndrome associated with porcine stress syndrome homozygous recessive homozygous recessive lean, heavily muscled hogs lean, heavily muscled hogs

19. Swine Facilities Finisher Nursery or Finisher with Lagoons Sow Farm Free Range