1. Human Evolution
Chapter 17

2. Primates Order primates includes prosimians, monkeys, apes, and humans
Adapted for an arboreal life

4. Human Evolution Humans and apes have a common ancestor
Misconception: Humans evolved from apes
The human lineage and ape linage split around 6 million years ago
Humans and chimpanzees are the most closely related
share around 99% of our DNA

5. Lemurs, lorises, and pottos Ancestral Tarsiers primate
New World monkeys
Monkeys
Old World monkeys
Anthropoids
Gibbons
Apes
Orangutans
Gorillas
Figure Primate phylogeny
Chimpanzees
Humans
Figure 17.36

6. Human Evolution All primates share one common mammalian ancestor
Other primates diverged from the lineage
Prosimians
lemurs and tarsiers
First primates to diverge
Anthropoids
New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, and hominoids (apes and hominids)

7. Human Evolution Proconsul
Probable link between monkeys and apes (about 15 mya)
About the size of a baboon
Probably ancestral to dryopithecines
All apes arose from about 10 mya
Hominids can also trace their lineage to the dryopithecines

8. Human Evolution Evolution of Hominids
To be a hominid a fossil must have anatomy suitable for standing and walking erect (bipedalism)
Bipedalism made food gathering easier
Believed that hominids appeared approximately 6 million years ago

9. ? Paranthropus boisei Homo neanderthalensis Homo sapiens 0.5 1.0 1.5?
Paranthropus
boisei
Homo
neanderthalensis
Homo
sapiens
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Homo erectus
3.0
Paranthropus
robustus
Millions of years ago
Homo
habilis
3.5
Australopithecus
africanus
4.0
Figure Timeline of human evolution
4.5
5.0
Australopithecus
afarensis
5.5
Ardipithecus
ramidus
6.0
Figure 17.38

10. Human Evolution Australopithecines
Evolved in Africa 4 million years ago, went extinct about 1 million years ago
Australopithecines had a small brain and walked erect
No evidence of tool use
Some were gracile (slender), others were robust (powerful)

11. Australopithecus afarensis

12. Human Evolution Evolution of Early Homo
Earliest fossils are about 2 million years old
Larger brain than Australopithecines
Jaws and teeth resemble humans
Evidence of tool use

13. Human Evolution Evolution of Early Homo Homo habilis-
Brain size as large as 772 cc; enlarged speech areas
Smaller cheek teeth indicates an omnivorous diet
Findings indicate tool use
Crude tools made of stone
Culture
Encompasses behavior and products
Hunter and gatherers may have eaten together and shared food

14. Human Evolution Evolution of Early Homo Homo ergaster and Homo erectus
Fossils date between 1.9 and 0.3 million years ago
Larger brain than H. hablis
Stood erect, gait was similar to humans
Evidence of migration from Africa to Asia
Tools were advanced compared to compared to H. hablis
First to use fire
Systematic hunters

15. Homo ergaster

16. Human Evolution Evolution of Early Homo Homo floresiensis
Evolved from Homo erectus
Small in size compared to other hominids
Likely co-existed with modern Homo sapiens

17. Human Evolution
Evolution of Modern Humans

18. Human Evolution Neanderthals
Lived between 200,000 and 28,000 years ago
Massive brow ridges, protruding nose, jaws, and teeth
Low, sloping foreheads
Larger brain than H. sapiens, heavily muscled
Culturally advanced
According to the Out-of Africa hypothesis, Neanderthals were displaced by modern humans

19. Neanderthals

20. Human Evolution Cro-Magnons
Oldest fossils to be designated H. sapiens sapiens
Modern appearance, made compound tools, were the first to hunt with knives and spears
Hunted cooperatively
May have been the first to have language
Culture included art- sculpture and painting

21. Cro-Magnons