2. LAYOUT OF STEEL STRUCTURES
2.1 Structural Systems
Structures can be classified into two main categories with respect to the way that the loads act on the structure as well as the simplicity of structural analysis:
1- Plane structures.
2- Space structures.

3. LAYOUT OF STEEL STRUCTURES
2.1 Structural Systems
The steel structures can be classified according to type of members and their connections in to three categories:
1- Truss structures.
2- Frame structures.
3- Combined truss and frame structures.

4. LAYOUT OF STEEL STRUCTURES
2.1 Structural Systems
a – Plane truss

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2.1 Structural Systems
b- Single story plane frame

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2.1 Structural Systems
c – Multistory plane frame

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2.1 Structural Systems
d- Multistory space frame

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2.1 Structural Systems
e – Space truss, industrial building

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2.1 Structural Systems
f- Space truss, stadium shed

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2.1 Structural Systems
We shall concentrate on the design of plane trusses and frames because they are frequently used in steel structures in Egypt.
Plane structures have the following advantages:
1- Simple structural system leads to easier structural analysis.
2- Easy and fast fabrication in workshop.
3- Simple connections and fast construction.
4- Structure can be extended in future without any complications.

11. LAYOUT OF STEEL STRUCTURES
2.2 Parts of Plane Steel Building
The structure is mainly composed of four main elements:
1- Main (primary) framing system.
2- Secondary members.
3- Wind bracing system.
4- Cladding.

12. LAYOUT OF STEEL STRUCTURES
2.2 Parts of Plane Steel Building

13. LAYOUT OF STEEL STRUCTURES
2.2 Parts of Plane Steel Building - Cladding
The construction of the external skin of a building can take several forms, the most prevalent being:
(1) Single-skin trapezoidal shell
(2) Double-skin trapezoidal shell
(3) Standing seam with concealed fixings
(4) Composite panels.

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2.2 Parts of Plane Steel Building - Cladding

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2.2 Parts of Plane Steel Building – Secondary Elements
Secondary members are mainly:
• Purlins which carry roof cladding.
• Side-girts and end-wall-girts which carry wall cladding.
A combination of cladding performance, erect-ability and the restraint requirements for economically- designed main frames dictates that the purlin and rail spacing should be 1.5–2m.

16. LAYOUT OF STEEL STRUCTURES
2.2 Parts of Plane Steel Building – Secondary Elements

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2.3 Main Framing Systems

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2.3 Main Framing Systems

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2.3 Main Framing Systems

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2.3 Main Framing Systems

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2.3 Main Framing Systems

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2.3 Main Framing Systems

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2.3 Main Framing Systems

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2.3 Main Framing Systems

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2.3 Main Framing Systems

26. LAYOUT OF STEEL STRUCTURES
2.4 Wind Bracing Systems
The main functions of bracing systems are:
1- Resist and horizontal forces in the out-of-plane direction of the main system (long direction of the building).
2- Hold the structure during construction.
3- Reduce buckling length of upper chord out-of-plane.
4- Brace the whole structure in the long direction.

27. LAYOUT OF STEEL STRUCTURES
2.4 Wind Bracing Systems
Bracing system must be made in the first and last panels with spacing between 25 – 30 m in the long direction.
Horizontal bracing works as a horizontal truss to withstand wind forces and transmit them to the vertical bracing which in turn transmits them to foundation.

28. LAYOUT OF STEEL STRUCTURES
2.5 End Gable
It is the system that carries the walls, windows, and doors at the end sections of the building.
It consists of: end gable columns that carry the end gable girts (beams) that are carry the cladding, windows, and doors.

29. LAYOUT OF STEEL STRUCTURES
2.5 End Gable
• The spacing between columns is
commonly between (4.0 – 8.0 m).
• The vertical spacing between girts (1.5 – 2.0 m).
• Window height is taken (1.0 – 1.5 m).
• Brick wall height (2.0 – 4.0 m) with minimum thickness (25 cm).
• They are most of the common forms provide resistance to sidesway forces such as wind loads

30. LAYOUT OF STEEL STRUCTURES
2.6 Structural Layout
Structural layout is the drawing that shows the main dimensions and components of the structure.
The typical scale of steel layout drawing is usually 1:100 or 1:200 for large areas.
The main components that must be shown after removing of all cladding:

31. LAYOUT OF STEEL STRUCTURES
2.6 Structural Layout
The main components that must be shown after removing of all cladding:
1- Plan view
2- Elevation view
3- Side view.
4- End gable side view.
5- Intermediate vertical bracing (truss system).

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2.6 Structural Layout

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2.6 Structural Layout

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2.6 Structural Layout

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2.6 Structural Layout

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2.6 Structural Layout

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2.6 Structural Layout

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2.6 Structural Layout

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2.6 Structural Layout