1. Necessities for Life and Body Regions

2. The 8 necessary life functions for all organisms:
Maintaining Boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth

3. Maintaining Boundaries
Why do we need to maintain boundaries?
What organ system allows us to maintain boundaries?

4. Movement Why is movement important?
What body systems allow us to have movement?

5. Responsiveness Explain why responsiveness helps us stay alive.
What systems are involved in responsiveness?

6. Digestion What does digesting food provide our bodies?
Note: Cells are “digestion factories” that further digest absorbed nutrients.

7. Metabolism
Once food is ingested (taken in) what does metabolism do for us?
What two organ systems are involved in metabolism?

8. Excretion Why is excretion useful? Why do we want to get rid of waste?
What organ systems are involved?

9. Reproduction Why do we want to reproduce at the organismal level?
Why do we want to reproduce at the cellular level?

10. Growth
What is necessary for growth to occur?

11. Survival Needs Nutrients: Used for energy and cell building
Carbohydrates = energy
Proteins and fats= building cell structures
Fats= cushion organs and are fuel storages
Vitamins and minerals= for chemical reactions
Oxygen: chemical reactions require oxygen to occur. Human cells cannot survive without oxygen.

12. Survival Needs Cont…
Water (universal solvent): ~60-80% of body weight. Necessary for chemical reactions to occur.
Body Temperature: Must be maintained around 98F. If body temp. decreases too low metabolic reactions get slower. If body temp. too high proteins denature (unravel).
At both extremes death can occur!!

13. Survival Needs Cont….
Atmospheric Pressure: Allows for even exchange between oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in lungs.
At high atmospheric pressures (high altitudes) air becomes too thin and adequate gas exchange may not be possible.

14. Homeostasis 3 Control Factors Receptor Control Center (hypothalamus)
Effector

15. How do they work together?

16. 2 types of Feedback Mechanisms
Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback
Most Common type
Response of receptor is to do the opposite of the original stimulus.
Used in regulating heart rate, glucose (sugar) blood levels, oxygen, carbon dioxide, minerals, body temperature, etc.
Least Common Type
Response of receptor is to amplify original stimulus.
Used mainly during pregnancy (contractions) and blood clotting.

17. Anatomical Position
Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body
Figure 1.7a

18. Anterior (ventral)*
Toward or at the front of the body; in front of
The breastbone is anterior to the spine
Posterior (dorsal)*
Toward or at the back of the body; behind
The heart is posterior to the breastbone

19. Orientation and Directional Terms
Superior vs. Inferior
Superior: Towards the head
The shoulder is superior to the
stomach
Inferior: Away from head
The ankle is inferior to the
knee.

20. *Whereas the terms ventral and anterior are synonymous in humans, this is not the case in four-legged animals. Ventral specifically refers to the "belly" of a vertebrate animal and thus is the inferior surface of four-legged animals. Likewise, although the dorsal and posterior surfaces are the same in humans, the term dorsal specifically refers to an animal's back. Thus, the dorsal surface of four-legged animals is their superior surface.

21. dorsal
anterior
(cranial)
posterior
(caudal)
ventral

22. Medial
Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
The heart is medial to the arm
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
The arms are lateral to the chest

23. Intermediate
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
The collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder

24. Proximal
Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
The elbow is proximal to the wrist
Distal
Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
The knee is distal to the thigh
Used For Appendages!!

25. Superficial (external)
Toward or at the body surface
The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles
Deep (internal)
Away from the body surface; more internal
The lungs are deep to the skin

27. Body Cavities

28. Labeled Body Cavities

29. Abdominopelvic Regions

31. Abdominopelvic Quadrants

32. Terms to Memorize