1. Systematics of Pinophyta

2. Pinus Male cones many and clustered
Female cones woody, with persistent soles (apophysis)
Needles in cluster of 2-5; evergreen
Umbo may be terminal or dorsal
Pinus ponderosa

4. Ovulate cone, LS

5. Microsporangiate cone, LS
Microsporophyll, TS

6. Pinus ovule

8. Pinus kesiya (Benguet pine)

9. Figs. 9–12 9. Pinus longaeava showing centromucronate umbos. 10
Figs. 9–12 9.Pinus longaeava showing centromucronate umbos Detail of P. longaeva cone scales showing central position of mucros on the keel (arrows). 11.Pinus kesiya showing excentromucronate umbos Close up of P. kesiya cone scales showing excentromucronate umbos. University of California Herbarium specimen

10. Pinus merkusii

11. Pinus resinosa Habit of P. resinosa,25 m Dehiscing pollen
Pinus resinosa, young and older male cones
Habit of P. resinosa,25 m
P. resinosa, 2 leaves per cluster

12. Pinus resinosa
Air bladder
Pinus pollen
ovulate cones

13. Pinus muricata ovulate cones young and old male cones
2 needles per cluster
bark

14. Pinus nigra
Microsporangiate cones
Ovulate cones, young

15. Pinus quadrifolia
Seed cones; open cone, right
4 needles per cluster

16. Pinus longaeva
Needles, 2 per cluster
Ovulate cone

17. Genus Larix European larch, 30 m Deciduous Shoots dimorphic
Leaves needle-like; borne singly,
spirally-arranged on the long
shoots, and in dense clusters of
20-50 needles on the short shoots
Cones erect, green or purple, turns
brown at maturity

18. Genus Larix B A Larix kaempferi, ovulate cones (A & B)
Larix griffithii, ovulate cone

19. Larix occidentalis (Western larch, NW USA, SW Canada)

20. Genus Abies (fir)
Evergreen, with narrow, conic crown; becomes flattened or rounded in old trees
Ovulate cones erect, dehiscent at maturity
Leaves linear, spirally-arranged; slightly swollen & flattened at the base

21. Genus Abies
Abies needles
Abies homolepis, microsporangiate cones

22. Abies forrestii
Abies (ovulate cones)
Abies religiosa
Abies koreana

23. Genus Picea (spruce) Conical, branches whorled
Leaves linear, flat, or angular; spirally-arranged and 4-angled; each needle on a small peg-like structure called pulvinus
Cones erect but becomes pendulous with persistent scales; green to purple seed cones, becomes pale to dark brown at maturity

24. Picea sitchensis

25. Male cones
Picea abies
Female cones
Picea abies (Norway spruce)

26. Picea abies
Erect, young female cones

27. B
Picea glauca
(White spruce) A
Picea glauca, ovulate & microsporangiate cones (A & B)

28. Genus Pseudotsuga (Douglas-fir)
Leaves flat and needle-like; borne singly, with 2 white stomatal bands
Female cones pendulous, with persistent scales(unlike true firs) & a long tridentine (3-pointed) bract that protrudes above each scale
Pollen cones axillary, cylindric
Bark reddish brown, deeply fissured

29. Pseudotsuga menziesii
(Coast Douglas-fir)
Tridentine bracts

30. Pseudotsuga menziesii

31. Pseudotsuga mensiezii
Microsporangiate cones
3-week old ovulate cone

32. Family Araucariaceae
Stem erect and massive; bark dark gray-brown, with horizontal ridges
leaves leathery, awl-shaped or broad and flat
Mostly dioecious; female cones globose, usually high on top of the tree
Male cones smaller, narrow to broad cylindrical
Young trees broadly pyramidal or conical, become umbrella-like as they mature

33. Araucaria araucana
Ovulate cones
Male cones

34. Bark of Araucaria araucana

35. Araucaria heterophylla

36. Araucaria bidwillii

37. Cupressaceae (cypress)
Leaves scale-like, arranged in opposite, decussate pairs, persist for 3-5 years
Bark fibrous & furrowed; may be smooth or exfoliating in plates
Many species adapted to forest fires
Ovulate cones globose or ovoid; may be terminal or axillary
Monoecious, except Juniperus

38. Cupressus leaves

39. Cupressaceae: Cupressus sempervirens

40. Cupressus macrocarpa

41. A) Cupressus lucitanica B) Cupressus arizonica
Ovulate cones
Ovulate & microsporangiate cones

42. Genus Juniperus Trees or low, spreading shrubs
Leaves may be needle-like (hard and sharp) or scale-like
Monoecious or dioecious; seed cones fleshy, a berry-like structure (fused scales)
Serves as exclusive food of some lepidopteran larvae

43. Juniperus californicum
Ovulate cones

44. Juniperus cedrus

45. Juniperus occidentalis

46. Juniperus occidentalis

47. Juniperus horizontalis

48. Thuja(“arborvitae”) Thuja occidentalis Thuja standishii
Shoots flat, leaves scale-like(needle-like in seedlings); scale leaves arranged in alternating decussate pairs in 4 rows along the twigs; male cones small, at the tips of the twigs; used for hedges
Thuja occidentalis

49. Podocarpaceae Leaves lanceolate to oblong; shrubs or trees
Cones with 2-5 fused scales, becomes berry-like at maturity, brightly colored red to purple, fleshy; male
cones often clustered
Many species dioecious
Podocarpus macrophyllus, female cones

50. Taxaceae(yew) Taxus cuspidata Much branched small trees and shrubs
Leaves linear to lanceolate, spirally arranged
Female cones reduced, with just one ovuliferous scale (which develops
into a fleshy aril)
& one seed

51. Cryptomeria japonica (“Sugi”)
Male cones
Female cone
immature foliage shoot

52. 70 meters in height
Cryptomeria japonica

53. Sequoiadendron giganteum
Ovulate cones
Sequoiadendron giganteum, 90 m ht., trunk, 11 m diam.

54. Taxodium ascendens
Ovulate cones

55. Taxodium mucronatum
Male cones

56. Taxodium distichum
Ovulate cone

57. Sequoia sempervirens Open & closed cones
Bark thick, up to 12 in, soft and fibrous, bright red brown when freshly exposed; leaves flat or scale-like, in spirals; seed cones ovoid, male cones oval ; monoecious
Male and female cones

58. Sequoia sempervirens (coast redwood)
115 m in height, 7 m diam., 2,200 yrs
Sequoia sempervirens (coast redwood)