1. PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Tenth Edition Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter 1
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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2. Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
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3. Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy – study of structure
Physiology – study of function
Structure is always related to function
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4. Levels of Organization
Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom
Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule
Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule
Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus
Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell
Tissue – loose connective tissue, muscle tissue
Organ – skin, femur
Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system
Organism - human
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5. Levels of Organization
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6. Characteristics of Life
Movement – change in position; motion
Responsiveness – reaction to a change
Growth – increase in size
Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells
Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods
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7. Characteristics of Life
Digestion – breakdown of food substances
Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids
Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into different substances
Excretion – removal of wastes
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8. Requirements of Organisms
Water
- most abundant substance in body
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport
- regulates body temperature
Food
- supply energy
- supply raw materials
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9. Requirements of Organisms
Oxygen
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
Heat
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
Pressure
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing
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10. Homeostasis
Body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment
Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the internal environment and corrects any changes
Receptors - provide information
Control center - tells what a particular value should be
Effectors - causes responses to change internal environment
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11. Homeostatic Mechanisms
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12. Body Cavities
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13. Serous Membranes Thoracic Membranes Abdominopelvic Membranes
Visceral layer – covers an organ
Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall
Thoracic Membranes
Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura
Visceral pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Abdominopelvic Membranes
Visceral peritoneum
Parietal peritoneum
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14. Serous Membranes
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15. Organ Systems
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16. Organ Systems
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17. Organ Systems
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18. Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position – body standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward
Terms of Relative Position
Superior versus Inferior
Anterior versus Posterior
Medial versus Lateral
Ipsilateral versus Contralateral
Proximal versus Distal
Superficial versus Deep
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19. Body Sections Sagittal / Midsagittal or Median Transverse / Cross
Coronal or Frontal
Oblique
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20. Abdominal Subdivisions
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21. Body Regions
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22. Clinical Application Medical Imaging
Noninvasive procedures
Provide images of soft internal structures
Ultrasonography
Use of high-frequency sound waves
Relatively quick and inexpensive
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Requires injection of dye
Produces computerized transverse, frontal, and sagittal sections of area being studied
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