1. Lectures on respiratory physiology Defense Systems of the Lung

2. Atmospheric Pollutants Carbon monoxide Sulfur oxides Nitrogen oxides Hydrocarbons Particulates Photochemical oxidants

3. Perfect Lung Types and sources of pollutants

4. Photochemical Oxidants hydrocarbons nitrogen oxides ozone, peroxyacyl nitrate, aldehydes, acrolein, etc. sunlight

5. Perfect Lung Examples of smog

6. Effects of cigarette smoke Carbon monoxide causes up to 10% hemoglobin “Tars” cause bronchial carcinoma Smoking causes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, bronchial carcinoma and coronary heart disease Insidious effects of tobacco advertising

7. Cancer death rates (male) from 1930 to 2004

8. Effect of single cigarette on airways

9. Behavior of Aerosols in the Lung Deposition Clearance

10. Perfect Lung Mechanisms of deposition of aerosol

11. Perfect Lung Sites of aerosol deposition

12. Perfect Lung Mechanisms of deposition of aerosol

13. Accumulation of dust in a coal-miner’s lung

14. Perfect Lung Mechanisms of deposition of aerosol

15. Clearance of Deposited Particles Mucociliary system Alveolar macrophages

16. Clearance of deposited particles

17. Mucociliary escalator

18. Airway wall showing a mucous gland

19. Normal airway (above); Enlarged mucous glands (below)

20. Goblet Cell

21. Mucociliary escalator

22. Gel layer of the mucus above the sol layer

23. Cilia just touching the gel layer

24. Ciliary action

25. Structure of microtubule; diagram (left), EM (right)

26. Impairment of Normal Mucociliary Function Mucus:too much, or change in composition, e.g. chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, asthma Cilia:paralysis by toxic gases bronchial epithelium destroyed congenital defect of ciliary motion

27. Alveolar Macrophage

28. Alveolar macrophage in the corner of an alveolus

29. Impairment of Normal Macrophage Function Inhaled gases such as ozone, cigarette smoke Toxic particles such as silica Alveolar hypoxia, radiation, corticosteroids, alcohol ingestion