1. Anatomy of the Digestive System
Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 25

2. Function
Altering the chemical & physical composition of food so that it can be absorbed & used by body cells (digestion)

3. Organs of the Digestive System
Mouth
Oropharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Large Intestine
Cecum
Colon
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anal Canal
Accessory Organs
Salivary glands
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
Tongue
Teeth
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Vermiform appendix

4. Walls of the Gastrointestinal (GI)Tract
Tube with 4 layers of tissue
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

5. Mucosa Inner most layer
Made of 3 layers of epithelium, connective tissue & smooth muscle

6. Submucosa Thicker than mucosal layer
Connective tissue layer that contains glands, blood vessels, nerve plexus (Meissner plexus)

7. Muscularis Thick layer of muscle tissue
Inner layer of circular smooth muscle
Outer layer of longitudinal smooth muscle
Myenteric plexus between the muscular layers

8. Serosa Outermost layer
Made of connective tissue & peritoneum (visceral layer)
Layer of peritoneum that lines the abdominal cavity= parietal layer
Mesentery is the fold of membrane that connects the parietal & visceral layer of peritoneum

9. Mouth (Oral cavity)
Lips
Cheek
Tongue
Hard & Soft Palates

10. Lips Surround the orifice of the mouth & form anterior boundary
Covered by skin externally & mucous membrane internally
Philtrum: shallow vertical groove that marks the midline of upper lip

11. Cheeks
Form lateral boundaries, continuous with lips, lined by mucous membranes
Formed in large part by buccinator muscle

12. Hard & Soft Palates
Hard palate: consists of 4 bones: 2 maxillae & 2 palatines
Soft palate: partition between mouth & nasopharynx
Uvula: small cone shaped process extending from soft palate

13. Tongue
Intrinsic muscle: changes in size & shape of tongue; important for mastication (chewing)
Extrinsic muscle: origin outside the tongue; important for deglutition (swallowing) & talking
3 parts: root, body, tip

14. Papillae
Vallate: large, form an inverted V on posterior part of tongue; 10-14; taste buds on lateral aspect
Fungiform: taste buds on lateral aspect; mostly on sides & tips of tongue
Filiform: no taste buds, over anterior 2/3 of tongue; whitish appearance

15. Lingual Frenulum
Fold of mucous membrane on the undersurface of the tongue that anchors the tongue to the floor of mouth

16. Salivary glands Three pairs: Secrete about 1 L of saliva/day Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
Secrete about 1 L of saliva/day

17. Parotid Glands Largest
Between skin & masseter muscle in front of & below the ear
Produce a serous (watery) type of saliva

18. Submandibular glands
Mixed gland-contain both serous & mucus-producing elements
Located below mandibular angle

19. Sublingual glands Smallest
Under the mucous membrane covering the floor of the mouth
Produce only a mucous type of saliva

20. Tooth 3 main parts Tooth suspended in place by periodontal membrane
Crown: exposed portion, covered by enamel
Neck: area surrounded by gingiva
Root: area that fits into jaw
Tooth suspended in place by periodontal membrane

21. Tooth structure
Dentin: makes up greatest portion of tooth shell, covered by enamel on crown & cementum in neck & root
Dentin contains a pulp cavity consisting of vessels & nerves

22. Type of teeth Deciduous teeth (baby): 20; erupt from 6 mos. to 20 mos.
Permanent teeth: 32

23. Pharynx Food now called a bolus leaves mouth & enters oropharynx
Food does not go thru nasopharynx

24. Esophagus Collapsible tube, posterior to trachea
Mucosa: stratified squamous epithelium to resist abrasion
Muscularis: striated in upper third, smooth in lower third

25. Sphincters of esophagus
Upper esophageal sphincter: helps prevent air from entering during respiration
Lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter): between stomach & esophagus

26. Stomach Three divisions:
Fundus: enlarged portion to left & above opening of esophagus
Body & Pylorus

27. Sphincter of Stomach
Pyloric sphincter: controls opening of pylorus to duodenum

28. Gastric mucosa Folds (rugae) with depressions (gastric pits)
Gastric glands are located below the level of the pits

29. Gastric glands Chief cells: secrete enzymes
3 major secretory cells:
Chief cells: secrete enzymes
Parietal cells: secrete HCl & intrinsic factor (binds to Vitamin B12 to protect it)
Endocrine cells: secrete ghrelin (stimulates hypothalamus to increase appetite) & gastrin (regulates gastric function)

30. Gastric muscle
Made of 3 layers instead of 2

31. Functions of stomach Reservoir
Secretes gastric juice to aid in digestion
Churns food
Secretes intrinsic factor
Absorption-small amounts
Produces hormones
Protects by destroying pathogens

32. Small intestine Main site of digestion & absorption 3 divisions:
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

33. Wall of Small Intestine
Has circular folds (plicae) with many tiny projections (villi)
Each villus contains vessels & lacteal
Epithelial cells on surface of villi have microvilli which form a brush border which increases surface area

34. Goblet cells
Large numbers of mucus secreting goblet cells on villi & in crypts
Crypts serve as area of rapid mitotic division & at base of crypts secretory cells produce an enzyme that is thought to inhibit bacterial growth

35. Large Intestine Cecum: blind pouch Colon
Divisions:
Cecum: blind pouch
Colon
Ascending colon: right side, ileum attaches at junction of cecum & ascending colon
Transverse colon: from hepatic flexure to splenic flexure
Descending colon: left side
Sigmoid colon: S shaped
Rectum: terminal inch is anal canal

37. Wall of Large Intestine
Intestinal mucus glands which produce mucus to lubricate feces
Longitudinal muscle fibers form strips called taeniae coli & circular muscles are grouped into rings that produce pouches, haustra

38. Vermiform appendix
Wormlike tubular organ, communicates with cecum

39. Peritoneum
Large continuous sheet of serous membrane that lines the walls of abdominal cavity & forms outer serous coat of organs
Mesentery: fan shaped projection of peritoneum encloses the jejunum & ileum
Greater omentum: continuation of serosa of stomach to transverse colon
Lesser omentum: from liver to lesser curvature of stomach

40. Liver Largest gland in body 2 lobes separated by falciform ligament:
Left lobe (about 1/6)
Right lobe

41. Hepatic lobules anatomical units of liver
Branch of hepatic vein through center of each lobule
Outer corners of lobules are the branches of hepatic artery, portal vein, hepatic duct

42. Bile ducts
Small bile ducts join to form right & left hepatic duct which join to form hepatic duct which merges with cystic duct from gallbladder to form common bile duct which opens into duodenum at major duodenal papilla

43. Functions of liver Detoxify substances Secrete bile
Metabolism of foods
Store several substances
Produces plasma proteins & site of hematopoiesis during fetal development

44. Gallbladder Pear shaped on underside of liver
Serous, muscular & mucosal layer
Functions: stores, concentrates & ejects bile

45. Pancreas In curve of duodenum, extending behind stomach
Exocrine gland (most)
Acinar cells: secrete enzymes through pancreatic duct that empties into duodenum
Endocrine gland-Islets
Alpha cells: produce glucagon
Beta cells: produce insulin

46. Image Citations
Slide 6: Brunner’s glands, 2/28/07,
Slide 25: Lower esophageal sphincter, 3/13/07,
Slide 38: The human vermiform appendix, 3/13/07,