1. ORAL MUCOSA

2. Oral Mucosa first space of the mouth it is a nearly oval-shaped cavity
laterally and in front: alveolar arches
posteriorly: isthmus of the fauces
it is a nearly oval-shaped cavity

3. Anatomy
two rows of teeth supported by facial bones of the skull, the maxilla above and the mandible below
teeth are surrounded by gingiva, which supports the tissue of oral cavity protection
other structures that aid chewing are the lips, cheeks, tongue, hard palate, soft palate, and floor of the mouth

4. Anatomy Vestibule externally: lips and cheeks
internally: gums and teeth
communicates with the surface of the body by the rima or orifice of the mouth
receives the secretion from the parotid salivary glands

5. Anatomy Mouth Cavity Proper cavum oris proprium
laterally and in front: alveolar arches with their contained teeth
behind: communicates with the pharynx by isthmus faucium
roofed by the hard and soft palates, floor is formed by the tongue
receives the secretion from the submaxillary and sublingual salivary glands

6. Anatomy Lips labia oris surround the rima or orifice of the mouth
externally: integument
internally: mucous membrane
inner surface is connected in the middle line to the corresponding gum by the frenulum

7. Anatomy Gums gingivœ dense fibrous tissue
closely connected to the periosteum of the alveolar processes, and surrounding the necks of the teeth
covered by smooth and vascular mucous membrane

8. Anatomy Hard Palate palatum durum
anterior and lateral: alveolar arches and gums
continuous with the soft palate
covered with stratified squamous epithelium
furnished with numerous palatal glands

9. Anatomy Soft Palate palatum molle
movable fold, suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate
forms an incomplete septum between the mouth and pharynx

10. Anatomy
Soft Palate
anterior surface: concave, continuous with the roof of the mouth, and marked by a median raphé
posterior surface: is convex, and continuous with the mucous membrane covering the floor of the nasal cavities

11. Anatomy
upper border: attached to the posterior margin of the hard palate
sides: blended with the pharynx
lower border: free
palatine velum: hangs like a curtain between the mouth and pharynx
palatine uvula: small, conical, pendulous process that hangs from the middle of its lower border
arches or pillars of the fauces: two curved folds of mucous membrane, containing muscular fibers

12. Anatomy Teeth dentes deciduous or milk teeth permanent teeth
twenty in number: four incisors, two canines, and four molars   
permanent teeth
thirty-two in number: four incisors, two canines, four premolars, and six molars

13. Anatomy Teeth crown: projecting above the gum
root: embedded in the alveolus
neck: the constricted portion between the crown and root

14. Anatomy Lower central incisors 6 to 9 months. Upper incisors
Lower lateral incisors and first molars
15 to 21 months.
Canines
16 to 20 months.
Second molars
20 to 24 months.

15. Anatomy First molars 6th year. Two central incisors 7th year.
Two lateral incisors
8th year.
First premolars
9th year.
Second premolars
10th year.
Canines
11th to 12th year.
Second molars
12th to 13th year.
Third molars
17th to 25th year.

16. Salivary Glands Parotid Gland glandula parotis largest of the three
weight: gm
side of the face, below and in front of the external ear
main portion of the gland: between the ramus of the mandible in front and the mastoid process and sternocleidomastoideus behind

17. Salivary Glands Submaxillary Gland glandula submaxillaris
size of a walnut
situated in the submaxillary triangle

18. submaxillary duct: 5 cm. long
opens by a narrow orifice on the summit of a small papilla, at the side of the frenulum linguæ
lies between the lingual and hypoglossal nerves, but at the anterior border of the muscle it is crossed laterally by the lingual nerve
Vessels and Nerves
blood supply: branches of the external maxillary and lingual
nerves: submaxillary ganglion
receives filaments from the chorda tympani of the facial nerve and the lingual branch of the mandibular nerve

19. Salivary Glands Sublingual Gland glandula sublinguali
smallest of the three glands
beneath the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth, at the side of the frenulum linguæ
weighs nearly 2 gm

20. Above: mucous membrane; below: Mylohyoideus; behind: deep part of the submaxillary gland; lateral: mandible; and medial: Genioglossus
separated by the lingual nerve and the submaxillary duct
excretory ducts: 8-20
ducts of Rivinus join the submaxillary duct
duct of Bartholin joins the sublingual duct which opens into the submaxillary duct
sublingual and submental arteries
nerves: lingual, the chorda tympani, and the sympathetic innervation   

21. Anatomy Accessory Glands
posterior part of the dorsum of the tongue behind the vallate papillæ
large numbers are present in the soft palate, the lips, and cheeks
same structure as the larger salivary glands
mucous or mixed type

22. Function
begins digestion by mechanically breaking up the solid food particles into smaller pieces and mixing them with saliva
plays an important role in speech, facial, expression,kissing, eating, drinking, breathing
infants: sucking reflex

23. Diseases

24. Cleft Lip and Palate cheiloschisis and palatoschisis
failure of fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal processes
cleft is a fissure or opening—a gap
non-fusion of the body's natural structures that form before birth

25. Cleft Lip
small gap or an indentation in the lip (partial or incomplete cleft) or it continues into the nose (complete cleft)
lip cleft can occur as a one sided (unilateral) or two sided (bilateral)
successfully treated with surgery soon after birth

26. Cleft Lip
within the first 2–3 months after birth, surgery is performed to close the cleft lip
"rule of 10s" (Wilhelmmesen and Musgrave in 1969)
the child is at least 10 weeks of age
weighs at least 10 pounds
at least 10g hemoglobin

27. Cleft Palate
condition in which the two plates of the skull that form the hard palate (roof of the mouth) are not completely joined.
failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes, the nasal septum, and/or the median palatine processes (formation of the secondary palate)

28. Cleft Palate
occur as complete (soft and hard palate, possibly including a gap in the jaw) or incomplete (a 'hole' in the roof of the mouth, usually as a cleft soft palate)
a direct result of an open connection between the oral cavity and nasal cavity is velopharyngeal insufficiency
corrected by surgery usually performed between 6 and 12 months
20-25% only require one palatal surgery to achieve a competent velopharyngeal valve capable of producing normal, non-hypernasal speech

29. Malignant Tumors Lips squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip (90%)
risk factors: pipe smokers, prolonged intense sun exposure
symptoms: intractable ulcerations in the vermillion border, large exophytic lesions
diagnostic: biopsy
treatment: surgical excision
low rate of metastasis to regional lymph nodes

30. Malignant Tumors Oral Cavity squamous cell carcinoma
risk factors: long history of nicotine and alcohol abuse
symptoms: painful swallowing, blood-tinged saliva, fetid breath odor
diagnosis: visual inspection, bimanual palpation, imaging
treatment: surgery and radiation therapy