1. Glandular Tissue

2. Glands structures that secrete
either onto the surface of a structure or into a lumen of an organ via ducts = exocrine
e.g. salivary, lacrimal, sudoriferous
or directly into the bloodstream (no ducts) = endocrine
e.g. thyroid, pituitary, adrenals

3. Exocrine Glands exocrine secretions: 1. perspiration
2. digestive enzymes
3. milk
4. oil
5. mucous
exocrine gland types:
1. serous - watery fluid that contains enzymes
e.g. parotid salivary gland
2. mucous - glycoproteins called mucins that absorb water to form a
slippery mucus
e.g. minor salivary glands
3. mixed - more than one type of gland cell
-produces different types of secretions - mucus and serous
e.g. submandibular gland, sublingual gland

4. Glands of the Skin Specialized exocrine glands found in dermis
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Sudiferous (sweat) glands
Ceruminous (wax) glands
Mammary (milk) glands

5. Sebaceous (oil) glands
Secretory portion in the dermis
Most open onto hair shafts
Sebum
combination of cholesterol, proteins, fats & salts
keeps hair and skin from soft & pliable
inhibits growth of bacteria & fungi(ringworm)
Acne
bacterial inflammation of glands
secretions stimulated by hormones at puberty
Sebaceous gland

6. Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
Merocrine/Eccrine (sweat) glands
most areas of skin
secretory portion in dermis with duct to surface
regulate body temperature with perspiration
Apocrine (sweat) glands
armpit and pubic region
secretory portion in dermis with duct that opens onto hair follicle
secretions more viscous & stinky!
develop around puberty
Release contents by breaking into pieces
Merocrine

7. Lacrimal Glands secrete tears or lacrimal fluid
forms a “tear film” over the surface of the eye – moistens & protects the anterior surface of the eyeball
located in the supero-lateral region of the orbit – in the lacrimal fossa of the frontal bone

8. Lacrimal Apparatus lacrimal fluid = tears each gland drains into 6
to 12 excretory lacrimal ducts
empties onto the conjuctiva
drains into the lacrimal
puncta -> lacrimal canal ->
lacrimal sac -> naslacrimal
duct -> nasal cavity
-innervated by preganglionic
parasymp. fibers from the greater petrosal nerve
(branch of VII) – synapse with postganglionic fibers of the trigeminal (V) at the pterygopalatine ganglion
-blood supply from the lacrimal and opthalmic arteries
Lacrimal Apparatus
About 1 ml of tears produced per day. Spread over eye by blinking. Contains bactericidal enzyme called lysozyme.

9. Salivary Glands produce saliva controlled by the ANS
major and minor glands – defined by size
parotid
submandibular
sublingual
minor glands:
Innervated by Facial nerve
buccal, labial and lingual mucosal glands
Found in soft palate, hard palate, floor or mouth
Von Ebner’s glands – associated with the circumvallate papillae/taste buds (secretion of a serous fluid)
secretion of mainly a mucous saliva containing carbohydrates

10. Salivary Gland Cellular Structure
Cells in acini (clusters)
Serous cells secrete a watery fluid
Mucous cells (pale staining) secrete a slimy, mucus secretion

11. Parotid Gland occupies the parotid fascial space
innervated by the parasymp. fibers (motor) of the otic ganglion of Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX + sensory branches of the auriculotemporal branch of trigeminal nerve V
lymphatic drainage by deep parotid lymph nodes
blood supply by the external carotid artery branches
Parotid below your ear and over the masseter
largest of the major glands
only 25% of total salivary volume – serous fluid
two lobes: superficial and deep
drained by the parotid or Stensen’s duct (superficial to the masseter and pierces the buccinator)
duct opens into the oral cavity opposite the second maxillary molar
parotid papilla (figure 7-5)

12. Mumps Myxovirus that attacks the parotid gland Symptoms
inflammation and enlargement of the parotid
fever, malaise & sour throat (especially swallowing sour foods)
swelling on one or both sides
Sterility rarely possible in males with testicular involvement (only one side involved)
Vaccine available since 1967

13. Submandibular Gland
provides 60 – 65% of salivary volume
mixed secretion of both serous and mucous
innervated by efferent/motor (parasymp.) fibers of chorda tympani and submandibular ganglion of the Facial Nerve VII
lymphatics drained by submandibular lymph nodes
blood supply by branches of the facial and lingual arteries
submandibular or Wharton’s duct
duct has a very tortuous path over the anterior floor of the mouth
often associated with the formation of salivary stones
removal of these stones can damage the lingual branch of V which is in proximity to the duct
opens into the oral cavity through the sublingual caruncle
near the midline of the mouth floor on each side of the lingual frenulum – figure 7-5
occupies the submandibular fossa in the submandibular fascial space
most is superficial to the mylohoid muscle

14. Sublingual Gland provides on 10% of salivary volume
mix of both serous and mucous secretions
carbohydrate-rich mucous secretion dominates
several short ducts that combine to form the sublingual or Bartholin’s duct
major opening into the oral cavity is the sublingual caruncle
other small ducts open via the sublingual fold – a fold of tissue on the lateral sides of the floor mouth
located in the sublingual fossa in the sublingual fascial space
superior to mylohyoid and anterior to the submandibular gland
innervated by efferent/motor (parasymp) fibers of the chorda tympani and submandibular ganglion of Facial Nerve VII
lymphatic drainage into submandibular lymph nodes
blood supply by sublingual and submental branches of the lingual artery

15. Composition and Functions of Saliva
Wet food for easier swallowing
Dissolves food for tasting
Bicarbonate ions buffer acidic foods
bulemia---vomiting hurts the enamel on your teeth
Chemical digestion of starch begins with enzyme (salivary amylase)
Enzyme (lysozyme) ---helps destroy bacteria
Protects mouth from infection with its rinsing action---1 to 1 and 1/2qts/day

16. Salivation Increase salivation Stop salivation
sight, smell, sounds, memory of food, tongue stimulation---rock in mouth
cerebral cortex signals the salivatory nuclei in brainstem---(CN 7 & 9)
parasympathetic nn. (CN 7 & 9)
Stop salivation
dry mouth when you are afraid
sympathetic nerves

17. Thyroid Gland
comprised of microscopic sacs called follicles = follicular cells making up the walls, surrounds a lumen
synthesize T3 & T4 (thyroxin)
In between follicular cells cells are parafollicular cells
produce calcitonin
On each side of trachea is lobe of thyroid
connected by an isthmus
Weighs 1 oz & has rich blood supply

18. Actions of Thyroid Hormones
T3 & T4 = increases metabolic rate
stimulates synthesis of protein
stimulates breakdown of fats (ATP synthesis)
stimulates cholesterol excretion
increases use of glucose & oxygen (ATP production)
increases body temperature (calorigenic effect)