1. Pulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology

3. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM MUST WORK CONTINOUSLY OR DEATH WILL OCCUR
HOW MUCH O2 DO WE HAVE?
FOUR TO SIX MINUTES SUPPLY

4. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM NOSE PHARYNX LARYNX TRACHEA BRONCHI ALVEOLI LUNGS
DIAPHRAM

5. Nasal Cavity Nostrils also known as anterior nares
Beginning of respiratory tract
Warms the air
Filters the air
Moistens the air

6. NASAL SEPTUM PARTITION OR WALL
CARTILAGE DIVIDES THE NOSE INTO HOLLOW SPACES

7. CILIA TINY HAIRLIKE STRUCTURES IN NASAL CAVITY TRAPS DIRT
TRAPS PATHOGENS
TRAPPED PARTICLES PUSHED TOWARD ESOPHAGUS
SWALLOWED

8. Sinuses Hollow cavities
Short ducts connect the sinuses to the nasal cavity
Mucous membrane lines the sinuses to help warm and moisten the air
Also give resonance to the voice

9. Pharynx Commonly known as the “throat” Subdivided
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Both air AND food travel down the pharynx

10. Larynx Also know as the “voice box” Contain the vocal cords or folds
Sound occurs when air leaves the lungs, passing through the vocal cords causing them to vibrate

11. Larynx Has 9 layers of cartilage
The largest is called the thyroid cartilage or the Adam’s apple

12. Epiglottis
Flap of cartilage lying behind the tongue and in front of the larynx
At rest is upright and allows air to pass through the larynx to the lungs
During swallowing it folds back over the larynx to prevent food and liquids from getting into the airway

13. Trachea Known as the “windpipe” Passes IN FRONT of the esophagus
Continues down below the larynx
Lined with cartilage rings to prevent it from collapsing

15. Cilia Also in trachea Smoking is a constant irritation
Smoking kills the cilia
Leads to frequent infection and inflammation
Triggers cough reflex and results in what we call the “smoker’s cough”

16. LUNGS Porous, spongy tissue
Right lung is larger and broader than the left lung
It has three lobes
This is because the heart lies to the left and needs room
Left lung, therefore, only has two lobes

17. PLEURA Thin, moist, slippery membrane of tough tissue cells Two layers
Visceral covers just the lung
Parietal covers lungs and diaphragm and lines the thoracic cavity
Pleural Fluid fills the space between the two pleural membranes

18. Bronchi
Lower end of trachea separates into the left and right bronchus

19. Bronchioles
Bronchi subdivide into the bronchioles

20. Alveoli About 500 million alveoli in the adult lung
This is 3x the amount needed to sustain life
Inner surface are covered with a lipid substance called SURFACTANT
Prevents alveoli from collapsing

21. Alveoli Site of gas exchange
Covered with a network of blood capillaries
Oxygen brought into the lungs flows into the capillaries
Carbon dioxide created in the body flows out of the capillaries and is exhaled

22. Process of Breathing VENTILATION
Mechanical process known as “breathing”
Two phases called Inspiration and Expiration

23. Ventilation Inspiration Diaphragm contracts (moves downward)
Intercostal muscles contract (pull ribs outward)
Creates positive pressure and therefore air rushes into the lungs

24. Ventilation Expiration
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax (return to resting state)
Returns to negative pressure state
Air is forced out of the lungs

25. Fun Facts Hiccups Sneezing Yawning
Caused by a spasm of the diaphragm believed to be the result of an irritation
Sneezing
Air rushes out of your nose at a rate of 100 miles per second
Some people have a “photic reflex” which makes them sneeze in response to a sudden, bright light
Yawning
A deep, prolonged breath believed to be caused by the need to increase oxygen in the blood

26. Respiration
Chemical process where oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are exchanged
There are three types
External respiration
Internal respiration
Cellular respiration

27. Cellular Respiration Cells use Cells produce Oxygen (O2)
Nutrients (glucose)
Cells produce
Energy (ATP)
Water (H2O)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)

28. External Respiration Occurs in the lungs
Between the alveoli and the blood stream
Exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

29. Internal Respiration Occurs in the body
Between the blood stream and tissue cells
Exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

30. Control of the Respiratory Center
Medulla oblongata controls respirations
Located in the brain (lowest portion of the brain stem)
Increased respirations occur if these things are happen
Decreased oxygen (O2) in the blood stream
Increased carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood stream

31. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
ASTHMA

32. CAUSATIVE AGENTS SENSITIVITY TO AN ALLERGEN DUST POLLEN ANIMALS FOODS
STRESS
OVEREXERTION
INFECTIONS

33. SYMPTOMS OCCUR BRONCHOSPASMS NARROW OPENING OF BRONCHIOLES
MUCUS PRODUCTION INCREASES
EDEMA DEVELOPS IN MUCOSAL LINING

34. SYMPTOMS DYSPNEA WHEEZING COUGHING WITH EXPECTORATION OF SPUTUM
TIGHTNESS IN CHEST

35. Treatment Bronchodilators (via rescue inhaler or nebulizer)
Anti-inflammatory medications (steroids)
Epinephrine
O2 Therapy

36. PREVENTING ASTHMA ATTACKS
IDENTIFY ALLERGEN
ELIMINATE ALLERGEN
DESENSITIZATION TO ALLERGENS

37. BRONCHITIS
INFLAMMATION
BRONCHI
BRONCHIAL TUBES

38. ACUTE BRONCHITIS CAUSED BY INFECTION SYMPTOMS PRODUCTIVE COUGH DYSPNEA
CHEST PAIN
FEVER

39. TREATMENT
ANTIBIOTICS
EXPECTORANTS TO REMOVE EXCESSIVE MUCOUS

40. CHRONIC BRONCHITIS OCCURS AFTER FREQUENT ATTACKS OF ACUTE BRONCHITIS
LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO POLLUTANTS OR SMOKING
CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
DAMAGED CILIA
ENLARGED MUCOUS GLANDS

41. SYMPTOMS EXCESSIVE MUCUS PRODUCTIVE COUGH WHEEZING & DYSPNEA
CHEST PAIN
PROLONGED EXPIRATION OF AIR

42. TREATMENT
NO CURE
ANTIBIOTICS
BRONCHODILATORS
RESPIRATORY THERAPY

43. LARYNGITIS INFLAMMATION LARYNX VOCAL CORDS
MAY OCCUR WITH RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS

44. SYMPTOMS HOARSENESS LOSS OF VOICE SORE THROAT
DYSPHAGIA: DIFFICULTY IN SWALLOWING

45. TREATMENT REST FLUIDS LIMITED USE OF THE VOICE MEDICATIONS
INFECTION IF PRESENT

46. INFLUENZA (FLU) CONTAGIOUS VIRAL INFECTION UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
SUDDEN ONSET
Influenza is a viral infection of the respiratory tract that causes coughing, breathing difficulty, fever, headache, muscle aches and weakness. The virus is spread from person to person by inhaling infected droplets from the air.

47. SYMPTOMS CHILLS HIGH FEVER COUGH SORE THROAT RUNNY NOSE MUSCLE PAIN
FATIGUE
Sometimes people confuse cold and flu, which share some of the same symptoms and typically occur at the same time of the year. However, the two diseases are very different. Most people get a cold several times each year, and the flu only once every several years.
People often use the term "stomach flu" to describe a viral illness where vomiting or diarrhea are the main symptoms. This is incorrect, as the stomach symptoms are not caused by the flu virus. Flu infections are primarily respiratory infections.

48. TREATMENT BED REST FLUIDS ANALGESICS PAIN FEVER ANTIBIOTICS
NOT EFFECTIVE AGAINST VIRUSES
GIVEN TO AVOID SECONDARY INFECTIONS
PNEUMONIA

49. EPISTAXIS
NOSEBLEED
CAPILLARIES IN NOSE BECOME CONGESTED AND BLEED

50. CAUSES INJURY OR BLOW TO NOSE HYPERTENSION CHRONIC INFECTIONS
ANTICOAGULANT DRUGS
BLOOD DISEASES
HEMOPHILIA
LEUKEMIA
A nosebleed may be caused by trauma, irritation or dryness of the lining of the nose, allergic rhinitis, colds, or sinusitis. Other causes can include nasal obstruction such as a deviated septum, or foreign objects in the nose. Most nosebleeds begin on the septum, the midline, vertical cartilage that separates the nasal chambers and is lined with fragile blood vessels. This form of nosebleed is not serious and is usually easy to stop. Seek medical help if the bleeding persists after 15 to 20 minutes of treatment, nosebleeds recur, blood persistently drains down the throat, or a neck or serious head injury is suspected.
The nose is a very vascular area of the body that contains many arterioles (tiny blood vessels) that can bleed easily. Nosebleeds occur more frequently in the winter when heated indoor air can dry the membranes of the nose. Also, air moving through the nose can also dry out the membranes and can form crusts. These crusts bleed when irritated by rubbing, picking, or blowing the nose.
Occasionally, nosebleeds may indicate other disorders such as bleeding disorders, high blood pressure, or hardening of the arteries.

51. TREATMENT COMPRESS NOSTRILS ELEVATE HEAD TILT FORWARD SLIGHTLY
APPLY COLD COMPRESSES
NASAL PACKS
CAUTERIZE THE BLEEDING VESSEL
ELIMINATE UNDERLYING CAUSE

52. PNEUMONIA INFLAMMATION INFECTION OF LUNGS
BUILD UP OF EXUDATE IN ALVEOLI
CAUSED BY BACTERIA, VIRUS, OR CHEMICALS

53. SYMPTOMS
CHILLS
FEVER
CHEST PAIN
PRODUCTIVE COUGH
DYSPNEA
FATIGUE

54. TREATMENT BEDREST FLUIDS ANTIBIOTICS IF INDICATED RESPIRATORY THERAPY
PAIN MEDICATION

55. RHINITIS (URI) INFLAMMATION OF NASAL MUCOUS MEMBRANE RUNNY NOSE
SORENESS
CONGESTION

56. COMMON CAUSES
INFECTIONS
ALLERGENS

57. TREATMENT
FLUIDS
MEDICATION TO RELIEVE CONGESTION

58. SINUSITIS (URI) INFLAMMATION OF MUCOUS MEMBRANE LINING SINUSES
CAUSED BY BACTERIA OR VIRUS

59. SYMPTOMS HEADACHE PRESSURE THICK NASAL DISCHARGE CONGESTION
LOSS OF RESONANCE IN VOICE

60. TREATMENT ANALGESICS MEDICATIONS TO LOOSEN SECRETIONS
MOIST INHALATIONS
SURGERY
CHRONIC SINUSITIS
OPENS CAVITIES
ENCOURAGE DRAINAGE

61. TREATMENT
ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS
DESTROY BACTERIA
GOOD NUTRITION
REST

62. TB TUBERCULOSIS INFECTIOUS DISEASE OF THE LUNGS CAUSED BY BACTERIA
MYCOBACTERUIM TUBERCULOSIS

63. WHITE BLOOD CELLS MAY SURROUND INVADING TB ORGAMISMS
WALL OFF CREATING A NODULE CALLED TUBERCLE
ORGANISMS REMAIN DORMANT IN THE TUBERCLE
CAN CAUSE ACTIVE CASE OF TB LATER IF BODY REISITANCE IS LOW

64. SYMPTOMS OF ACTIVE TB FATIGUE CHEST PAIN FEVER NIGHT SWEATS
WEIGHT LOSS
HEMOPTYSIS
COUGHING UP BLOOD TINGED SPUTUM

65. Treatment Medications for one or more years to destroy the bacteria
Good nutrition
Rest
* In recent years a new strain of the TB bacteria that is resistant to drug therapy has emerged causing concern that it will become a widespread infectious disease

66. EMPHYSEMA NONINFECTIOUS CHRONIC RESPIRATORY CONDITION
WALLS OF THE ALVEOLI DETERIORATE
LOSE ELASTICITY
CARBON DIOXIDE REMAINS TRAPPED IN THE ALVEOLI
POOR EXCHANGE OF GASES

67. CAUSE
HEAVY SMOKING
PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS

68. TREATMENT NO CURE AVOID SMOKING BRONCHODILATORS
PROMPT TREATMENT OF RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS
OXYGEN THERAPY
RESPIRATORY THERAPY

69. COPD
INCLUDE DISORDERS SUCH AS
ASTHMA
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
EMPHYSEMA TB

70. CAUSES SMOKING IS THE PRIMARY CAUSE OTHER FACTORS INCLUDE ALLERGIES
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS

71. SYMPTOMS DYSPNEA FEELING OF SUFFOCATION PAIN BARREL CHEST
CHRONIC COUGH
CYANOSIS
RAPID RESPIRATIONS WITH PROLONGED EXPIRATION
RESPIRATORY FALURE ……….DEATH

72. LUNG CANCER DIAGNOSIS- XRAY
BRONCHOSCOPY (flexible tube passed through mouth or nose into bronchi and lungs)
TREATMENT
SURGERY
CHEMOTHERAPY
RADIATION

73. CAUSED BY
USUALLY SMOKING

74. LUNG CANCER XRAYS ON LEFT
This chest x-ray shows adenocarcinoma of the lung. There is a rounded light spot in the right upper lung (left side of the picture) at the level of the second rib. The light spot has irregular and poorly defined borders and is not uniform in density. Diseases that may cause this type of x-ray result would be tuberculous or fungal granuloma, and malignant or benign tumors.
ON RIGHT
A CXR in a patient with central cancer of the right lung. Notice the white mass in the middle portion of the right lung (seen on the left side of the picture).

75. Diagnostic Tests
Pulmonary Function Testing (PFT)
Bronchoscopy

76. Pulmonary Function Tests
Check how well your lungs work
Determine how much air your lungs can hold
Determine how quickly you can move air in and out of your lungs
Determine how well your lungs put oxygen into and remove carbon dioxide from your blood
The tests can diagnose lung diseases, measure the severity of lung problems, and check to see how well treatment for a lung disease is working.
Spirometry is the first and most commonly done lung function test. It measures how much and how quickly you can move air out of your lungs. For this test, you breathe into a mouthpiece attached to a recording device (spirometer). The information collected by the spirometer may be printed out on a chart called a spirogram.

77. Bronchoscopy Procedure that looks inside the lungs' airways
A thin, flexible tube called a bronchoscope is inserted into the nose or mouth. The tube is passed down the throat into the airways
Medicine is given for relaxation during the procedure.
The bronchoscope has a light and small camera that allows the doctor to see the windpipe and airways and take pictures.
If there is bleeding in the lungs or a large object stuck in the throat, a bronchoscope with a rigid tube would be used. The rigid tube, which is passed through the mouth, is wider. This allows the doctor to see inside it more easily, treat bleeding, and remove stuck objects.
A rigid bronchoscopy usually is done in a hospital operating room using general anesthesia

78. Bronchoscopy