1. The Respiratory System

2. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

3. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

5. Upper Respiratory System Structures
Nose
Sinuses
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Larynx
Trachea
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

6. Lower Respiratory System Structures
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchial tubes
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Lungs
Pleura
Mediastinum
Diaphragm
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

8. Structures of the Upper Respiratory System
Nose
Nasal cavity – space behind the nose
Vestibular region
Olfactory region
Respiratory region
Nasal septum – cartilage that divides the nose into right and left sides
Turbinates – scroll-like bones in the respiratory region
Cilia – nose hairs
Why do we have nose hair?
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

9. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
NASAL CAVITY
NASAL SEPTUM = divides nasal cavities into R and L sides
Turbinates are bones that protrude into the nasal cavity – they increase surface area for filtering dust and dirt particles by the mucous membrane.
CILIA – the hairs in your nose, trap larger dirt particles
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

10. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

11. Structures of the Upper Respiratory System
Sinuses - Cavities in the skull.
Ducts connect sinuses to the nasal cavity
Lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten the air
Provide resonance to the voice
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

12. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
SINUSES – cavities in the skull, ducts connect them to the nasal cavity, lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten the air.
Frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Sinuses give resonance to the voice.
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

13. Structures of the Upper Respiratory System
Pharynx
Throat
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
About 5” long
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

14. Structures of the Upper Respiratory System
Epiglottis
A flap or lid that closes over the opening to the larynx when food is swallowed
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

15. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
PHARYNX
The throat
Common passageway for air and food
5” long
When food is swallowed, the EPIGLOTTIS closes over the opening to the larynx, preventing food from entering the lungs.
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

16. Structures of the Upper Respiratory System
Larynx
Voice Box
Triangular chamber below pharynx
Within the larynx are vocal cords, the glottis
Also called the Adam’s Apple
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

17. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
LARYNX
Voice box
Triangular chamber below pharynx
Within the larynx are vocal cords (GLOTTIS)
Adam’s Apple
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

18. Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
Can you
identify
the trachea?
Trachea
Windpipe
Approximately 4 ½” long
The walls are composed of alternate bands of membrane and C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage.
Lined with ciliated mucous membrane
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

19. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
TRACHEA
Windpipe
4 ½ in. long
Walls are alternate bands of membrane and C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage – to keep trachea open
Lined with ciliated mucous membrane
Coughing and expectoration gets rid of dust-laden mucous
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

20. Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
At the lower end of trachea, the bronchus divide into right and left branches.
As they enter the lungs, the bronchus subdivide into bronchial tubes and into bronchioles.
At the end of the bronchioles are alveolar ducts and clusters of alveoli.
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

21. Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
Bronchi
Ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage
Bronchial tubes
Cartilaginous plates
Bronchioles
Thinner walls of smooth muscle
Lined with ciliated epithelium
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

22. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
BRONCHI and BRONCHIOLES
Lower end of trachea divides into R and L bronchus
As they enter lungs, subdivide into bronchial tubes and bronchioles
Bronchi – similar to trachea with ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage
Bronchial tubes – cartilaginous plates (instead of C-shaped rings)
Bronchioles – thinner walls of smooth muscle, lined with ciliated epithelium
At the end, alveolar duct and cluster of alveoli
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

23. Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
Alveoli
Composed of a single layer of epithelial tissue
Contain surfactant
Each alveolus is surrounded by capillaries
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

24. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
ALVEOLI
Composed of a single layer of epithelial tissue
Inner surfaces covered with SURFACTANT – to keep alveoli from collapsing
Each alveolus surrounded by capillaries
O2 and CO2 exchange takes place between the alveoli and capillaries
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

26. Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity
Apex
Base
Fit snugly over diaphragm.
Lung tissue is porous and spongy.
Right lung
Larger and shorter than the left lung
Displaced by the liver
3 lobes
Left lung
Smaller than the right side
Displaced by the heart
2 lobes
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

29. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
LUNGS
Fill thoracic cavity
Upper part = apex Lower part = base
Base fits snugly over diaphragm
Lung tissue porous and spongy – it floats
R lung = larger and shorter (displaced by the liver) and has 3 lobes
L lung smaller (displaced by the heart) and has 2 lobes
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

30. Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
Pleura
Thin, moist slippery membrane that covers lungs
Double-walled sac
Space is pleural cavity – filled with pleural fluid
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

31. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
PLEURA
Thin, moist slippery membrane that covers lungs
Double-walled sac
Space is pleural cavity – filled with pleural fluid to prevent friction
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

32. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Mediastinum
A septum or cavity between two principal portions of an organ.
Contains the heart and its large vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, lymph nodes, and connective tissue
Also called the interpleural space
Located between the lungs
Contains the thoracic viscera
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

33. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Diaphragm from the muscular system!
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

34. Let’s review the structures of the respiratory system …
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

35. Functions of the Respiratory System
Discuss the functions of the respiratory system.
What is the relevance to your health?
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

36. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
Breathing
Discuss the process of breathing.
External respiration
Internal respiration
Exhalation
Inhalation
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

38. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
FUNCTION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
External respiration, internal respiration, and cellular respiration
Production of sound (vocal cords)
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

39. Breathing Calculate your respirations
1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration
How many times does a normal adult breath per minute?
Calculate your respirations
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

40. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
PULMONARY VENTILATION (Breathing)
INSPIRATION
Intercostal muscles lift ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward – this increases the volume of the lungs and air rushes in.
EXPIRATION
Opposite action takes place
Exhalation is a passive process
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

41. Respiratory Movements
Compare respiratory movements.
Coughing
Hiccups
Sneezing
Yawning
Why do they occur?
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

42. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
Respiratory Movements
1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration
Normal adult = respirations per minute
Increases with exercise, body temperature, certain diseases.
Age - newborn = 40-60/min
Sleep = respirations 
Emotion can  or  rate
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

43. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
Coughing – deep breath followed by forceful expulsion of air – to clear lower respiratory tract.
Hiccups – spasm of the diaphragm and spasmotic closure of the glottis – irritation to diaphragm or phrenic nerve
Sneezing – air forced through nose to clear respiratory tract
Yawning – deep prolonged breath that fills the lungs, increases oxygen within the blood
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

44. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
Control of breathing
Neural Factors
Explain the role of the Medulla Oblongata
What does the Phrenic Nerve do?
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

45. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
Control of breathing
Chemical Factors
What are the chemical factors involved in breathing?
Compare to NEURAL FACTORS.
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

46. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Control of Breathing
Breathing controlled by neural and chemical factors.
Neural Factors
Respiratory center located in MEDULLA OBLONGATA
 on CO2 or  O2 in the blood will trigger respiratory center
PHRENIC NERVE – stimulates the diaphragm
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

47. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Chemical Factors
Depends on the levels of CO2 in the blood (respiratory center in brain)
Chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood O2
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

48. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
Types of breathing
Apnea
Dyspnea
Eupnea
Hyperpnea
Orthopnea
Tachypnea
Hyperventilation
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

49. Lung capacity and volume
Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

50. Lung capacity and volume
Vital lung capacity
Residual volume
Functional residual capacity
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

51. Lung capacity and volume
Total lung capacity
Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve
Expiratory reserve
Residual air
Sample
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

52. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Essential question
What are the structures of the
respiratory system?
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system