1. The Respiratory system

2. Case Study-Respiratory System
After a routine workout at your health club, you decide to soak in the hot tub. A young man in the tub tells you how he just finished a heavy weightlifting routine that lasted 2 hrs. He says that he soaks in the hot tub for 20 minutes to ward off muscle cramping. The man does this routine 7 days a week. The next day at the gym, you hear that he was hospitalized that morning with the following symptoms; chills, coughing, fatigue, fever, SOB, and tightness in his chest.

3. He appeared healthy until that incident
He appeared healthy until that incident. A friend of his who also works out at the club said he had no history of heart disease or respiratory ailments. However, lately he was losing weight because of the heavy workout. People at the health club are speculating what could have caused the illness. What do you think?

4. How much of a supply of oxygen do you have?
4-6 minutes

5. Therefore, the respiratory system must work continuously or death will occur.

6. What is the purpose of the respiratory system?
To take in oxygen, which all body cells need, and remove carbon dioxide, a waste product produced by cells when cells convert food into energy.

8. Organs and structures:
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Nose- has two openings call nostrils or nares through which air enters.
Nasal Septum- a wall of cartilage, divides the nose into two hollow spaces called the nasal cavities.
Nasal cavities- lined with a mucous membrane and have a rich blood supply. Warms, filters, and moistens air as it enters.

9. Organs and structures:
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Cilia- tiny, hair-like structures that filter inhaled air to trap dust and other particles. The cilia then helps move the mucous towards the esophagus where it can be swallowed.
Sinuses- Cavities in the skull that surround the nasal area.

11. Organs and structures:
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Pharynx- (throat), lies directly behind the nasal cavities. As air leaves the nose, it enters the pharynx
Nasopharynx-upper portion and includes the pharyngeal tonsils, adenoids, and eustachian tube.
Oropharynx-middle section. This section receives both food and air from the mouth.
Larynogopharynx- bottom section. The esophagus and trachea branch off from here.

12. Organs and structures:
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Larynx- (voice box) lies between the pharynx and trachea. It has 9 layers of cartilage including the Adam’s apple. The larynx also contains the vocal cords. As air leaves the lungs, the vocal cords vibrate and produce sound.
Epiglottis- leaflike cartilage that closes the opening into the larynx during swallowing. This prevents food and liquids from entering the respiratory tract.

13. Organs and structures:
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Trachea or windpipe
Tube extending from larynx to center of the chest
Carries air between pharynx and bronchi
Series of C-shaped cartilage, which are open on the dorsal, or back, surface. Helps keep trachea open

14. Organs and structures:
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Bronchi- Two divisions of trachea near center of the chest. Carries air from the trachea to the lungs.
Right bronchus
Left bronchus
Right bronchus is shorter, wider, and extends more vertically than left bronchus

16. Organs and structures:
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Lungs- The organ of respiration
Organs that contain divisions of bronchi and alveoli
Right lung has three sections, or lobes; superior, middle, and inferior
Left lung has only two lobes, superior and inferior

17. Organs and structures:
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Why is the left lung smaller then the right?
The heart lies to the left side of the chest!

18. Organs and structures:
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Alveoli
Air sacs that resemble a bunch of grapes
Adult lung contains approximately 500 million alveoli
Made of one layer of squamous epithelium tissue
Contains a rich network of blood capillaries
Capillaries allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to be exchanged between blood and lungs

19. ALVEOLI
Microscopic View

20. Organs and structures:
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Pleura- membrane or sac enclosing each lung
Consists of two layers of serous membranes
Visceral pleura is attached to surface of lung
Parietal pleura is attached to chest wall
Pleural space is located between the two layers and is filled with thin layer of pleural fluid that lubricates membranes and prevents friction as lungs expand during breathing.

21. The Process of Breathing
VENTILATION
The Process of Breathing

22. Two phases of ventilation:
Inspiration
Expiration

23. Inspiration Inspiration- (is also referred to inhalation.)
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Inspiration- (is also referred to inhalation.)
The process of breathing in air
Diaphragm- a dome shaped muscle between thoracic and abdominal cavities.
The diaphragm contracts allowing more room for the lungs to expand allowing exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

24. Expiration Expiration is also known as exhalation.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Expiration is also known as exhalation.
The diaphragm relaxes forces air out of the lungs and air passages.

26. The process of inspiration and expiration is one completion respiration.

27. Respiration is controlled by the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata. .

28. * A decreased amount of oxygen or an increased amount of carbon dioxide in blood causes the medulla oblongata to increase rate of respirations. *Process is usually involuntary, but a person can control rate of breathing by breathing faster or slower.

29. Diseases and abnormal conditions of the respiratory system

30. ASTHMA

31. What is an asthma attack?
An asthma attack occurs when bronchospasms narrow openings of bronchioles, mucus production increase, and edema (swelling) develops in mucosal lining.

32. What causes asthma?
Usually caused by sensitivity to an allergen such as dust, pollen, animals, medications, or foods.
Stress, overexertion, and infections can also cause an asthma attack.

33. Symptoms:
Dyspnea
Wheezing
Coughing with expectoration of sputum
Tightness in the chest

34. Treatment:
Bronchodilators to enlarge the bronchioles
Epinephrine and anti- inflammatory medications
Oxygen therapy

35. Asthma Treatments

36. Identification and elimination of allergens causing the problem is important in preventing asthma attacks.

37. Bronchitis

38. What is bronchitis?
Inflammation of the bronchi and bronchial tubes.

39. Two types of bronchitis:
Acute bronchitis
Chronic bronchitis

40. Acute Bronchitis: Acute Bronchitis is usually caused by an infection.
Characterized by a productive cough, dyspnea, rales (bubbly or noisy breath sounds), chest pain, and fever
Treatment: Treated with antibiotics, expectorants to remove excessive mucus, rest, and drinking large amounts of water
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41. Chronic Bronchitis:
Occurs after frequent attacks of acute bronchitis and long-term exposure to pollutants or smoking
Characterized by chronic inflammation, damaged cilia, and enlarged mucous glands
(COPD)

42. Chronic Bronchitis: Symptoms: Treatment:
Excessive mucus resulting in a productive cough
Wheezing and dyspnea
Chest pain
Prolonged expiration of air
There is treatment, but no cure
Antibiotics
Bronchodilators
Respiratory Therapy

43. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

44. Any CHRONIC lung disease that results in obstruction of the airways
What is COPD?
Any CHRONIC lung disease that results in obstruction of the airways

45. What lung disorders can lead to COPD?
Chronic asthma
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
Tuberculosis

46. Smoking is the #1 cause of COPD, but allergens and chronic respiratory infections are also factors.

47. Treatment: Bronchodilators Mucolytics (loosens mucus secretions)
Cough medicines
Oxygen

48. Prognosis:
Prognosis is poor because damage to the lungs causes a deterioration of pulmonary function leading to respiratory failure and death.

49. Emphysema

50. A noninfectious chronic respiratory condition
What is emphysema?
A noninfectious chronic respiratory condition

51. Emphysema
Emphysema occurs when walls of the alveoli deteriorate and lose their elasticity
Carbon dioxide remains trapped in the alveoli

52. Prolonged exposure to air pollutants
Causes of Emphysema:
Smoking
Prolonged exposure to air pollutants

53. Symptoms of Emphysema:
Dyspnea and feeling of suffocation
Pain and a barrel chest
Chronic cough
Cyanosis
Rapid respirations with prolonged expiration
Eventual respiratory failure and death

54. Barrel Chest

55. Cyanosis

56. Clubbing of Nails

57. Treatment: There are treatments but NO CURE: Avoiding smoking
Bronchodilators
Breathing exercises
Prompt treatment of respiratory infections
Oxygen therapy and respiratory therapy

58. Epistaxis

59. Occurs when capillaries in nose become congested and bleed.
EPISTAXIS
Occurs when capillaries in nose become congested and bleed.

60. Causes of Epistaxis: Injury or blow to the nose Hypertension
Chronic infections
Anticoagulant drugs
Blood diseases such as hemophilia or leukemia

61. Treatment of Epistaxis:
Compress nostrils toward the septum, elevate the head and tilt it slightly forward, and apply cold compresses.
At times, it is necessary to insert nasal packing or to cauterize the bleeding vessels
Eliminate the underlying cause, such as hypertension, etc.

62. INFLUENZA OR FLU
Highly contagious viral infection of the upper respiratory system with a sudden onset

63. Symptoms: Chills Fever Cough Sore throat Runny nose Muscle pain
Fatigue

64. Treatment: Bed rest and fluids
Analgesics for pain and antipyretics for fever
Antibiotics are not effective against viruses, but are often given to avoid secondary infections such as pneumonia

65. Prevention is the BEST treatment

66. Immunizations with a flu vaccine:
Recommended for the elderly, children, individuals with chronic diseases, pregnant women, and health care workers
Many different viruses cause influenza, so vaccines are developed each year to immunize against the most common viruses identified

67. What is the best way to sneeze?

68. LARYNGITIS Inflammation of the larynx and vocal cords
Frequently occurs with other respiratory infections

69. Hoarseness or loss of voice Sore throat
Symptoms:
Hoarseness or loss of voice
Sore throat
Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing

70. Limited use of the voice Medications if an infection is present
Treatment:
Rest and fluids
Limited use of the voice
Medications if an infection is present

71. LUNG CANCER Malignancy of the lungs
Leading cause of cancer death in men and women

72. CAN BE A PREVENTABLE DISEASE BECAUSE THE MAIN CAUSE IS EXPOSURE TO CARCINOGENS IN TOBACCO THROUGH SMOKING OR THROUGH EXPOSURE TO SECONDHAND SMOKE

73. Three common types of lung cancer:
Small Cell
Squamous Cell
Adenocarcinoma

74. Sx: Unfortunately, none in the early stages Chronic cough
Hemoptysis: coughing up blood- tinged sputum
Dyspnea and chest pain
Fatigue and weight loss

75. Lung Cancer
Prognosis is very poor since the disease is usually advanced before it is diagnosed.

76. Treatment:
Surgical removal of the cancerous sections of the lung, radiation, and/or chemotherapy.

77. Normal Lung X-Ray

78. Smokers Lungs

80. PNEUMONIA

81. Inflammation or infection of the lungs with a buildup of fluid or exudate in the alveoli
Usually caused by a bacteria, a virus, a protozoa, or chemicals

82. Symptoms
Chills
Fever
Chest pain
Productive cough
Dyspnea
Fatigue

83. Treatment Bedrest Oxygen Fluids Antibiotics if needed
Respiratory therapy
Pain medication

84. Rhinitis
Inflammation of nasal mucous membranes resulting in a runny nose, watery eyes, sneezing, soreness, and congestion
Causes: infections and allergens
Treatment: fluids and medication to relieve congestion

85. Sinusitis Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the sinuses
Usually caused by a bacteria of virus

86. Symptoms: Headache, pressure, or dizziness
Thick nasal discharge and congestion
Loss of resonance in the voice

87. Treatment of Sinusitis:
Antibiotics if needed
Analgesics for pain
Decongestants to loosen secretions
Moist inhalations
Surgery in chronic sinusitis to open the cavities and encourage drainage

88. SLEEP APNEA
Condition in which an individual stops breathing while asleep, causing a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels.

89. Two main kinds of sleep apnea:
Obstructive
Central

90. Obstructive sleep apnea:
Caused by blockage in air passage that occurs when muscles that keep airway open relax and allow tongue and palate to block the airway.

91. Caused by a disorder in the brain’s respiratory control center.
Central sleep apnea:
Caused by a disorder in the brain’s respiratory control center.

92. Facts about sleep apnea:
More common in men
Obesity increases risk
Hypertension increases risk
Smoking increases risk
Alcohol ingestion increases risk
Use of sedatives may increase severity

93. Diagnosis:
Diagnosed when more than five periods of apnea lasting at least 10 seconds each occur during an hour of sleep.

94. What does sleep apnea do?
Periods of apnea lower the blood oxygen level.
Causes the brain to awaken the individual, who then gasps for air and snores loudly
Interruption of the sleep cycle leads to excessive tiredness and drowsiness during the day.

95. Treatment: Weight loss Abstaining from alcohol, smoking and sedatives
Sleeping on side or stomach
In more severe cases a Continuous Positive Airway Pressure or CPAP is used to deliver pressure to the airway to keep it open while the individual sleeps.

96. CPAP CPAP consists of a mask that fits securely against the face
Tubing connects the mask with a blower device that can be adjusted to deliver air at different levels of pressure

98. Tuberculosis
Infectious disease of the lungs caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis

99. Symptoms of active TB: Fatigue Chest pain Fever Night sweats
Weight loss
Hemoptysis (coughing up blood tinged sputum)

100. Administration of drugs for one or more years to destroy the bacteria
Treatment:
Administration of drugs for one or more years to destroy the bacteria
Good nutrition and rest

101. Ancient treatment for TB:
Electric Shock Therapy
IV injections of goats blood

102. Just a Note: a new strain of TB that is resistant to drug therapy has created a concern that tb will become a widespread infectious disease

103. Upper Respiratory Infection: URI
Another name for the common cold.
It is an inflammation of mucous membrane lining of the upper respiratory tract
Caused by viruses and is highly contagious

104. Symptoms: Fever, runny nose, watery eyes, congestion, sore throat, and hacking cough
Treatment: No cure. Symptoms usually last a week. Give analgesics for pain and antipyretics for fever.

105. Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

106. Cystic fibrosis is an inherited chronic disease that affects the lungs and digestive system. A defective gene and its protein product cause the body to produce unusually thick, sticky mucus that:
clogs the lungs and leads to life-threatening lung infections; and
obstructs the pancreas and stops natural enzymes from helping the body break down and absorb food.

107. The predicted median age of survival for a person with CF is in the mid-30s.
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108. Lung Auscultation
Incentive Spirometer
Ventilator