1. Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. CHAPTER 36 Antihistamines, Decongestants, Antitussives, and Expectorants

2. 2 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Understanding the Common Cold  Most caused by viral infection (rhinovirus or influenza virus)  Virus invades tissues (mucosa) of upper respiratory tract, causing upper respiratory infection (URI)

3. 3 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Understanding the Common Cold (cont’d)  Excessive mucus production results from the inflammatory response to this invasion  Fluid drips down the pharynx into the esophagus and lower respiratory tract, causing cold symptoms: sore throat, coughing, upset stomach

4. 4 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Understanding the Common Cold (cont’d)  Irritation of nasal mucosa often triggers the sneeze reflex  Mucosal irritation also causes release of several inflammatory and vasoactive substances, dilating small blood vessels in the nasal sinuses and causing nasal congestion

5. 5 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Treatment of the Common Cold  Involves combined use of antihistamines, nasal decongestants, antitussives, and expectorants  Treatment is symptomatic only, not curative  Symptomatic treatment does not eliminate the causative pathogen

6. 6 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Treatment of the Common Cold (cont’d)  Difficult to identify whether cause is viral or bacterial  Treatment is “empiric therapy,” treating the most likely cause  Antivirals and antibiotics may be used, but a definite viral or bacterial cause may not be easily identified

7. 7 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Antihistamines  Drugs that directly compete with histamine for specific receptor sites  Two histamine receptors  H 1 (histamine 1 )  H 2 (histamine 2 )

8. 8 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Antihistamines (cont’d)  H 1 antagonists are commonly referred to as antihistamines  Examples: diphenhydramine (Benadryl), loratadine (claritin)  Antihistamines have several properties  Antihistaminic  Anticholinergic  Sedative

9. 9 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Antihistamines (cont’d)  H 2 blockers or H 2 antagonists  Used to reduce gastric acid in peptic ulcer disease  Examples: cimetidine (Tagamet), ranitidine (Zantac), famotidine (Pepcid)

10. 10 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Antihistamines (cont’d)  10% to 20% of general population is sensitive to various environmental allergies  Histamine-mediated disorders  Allergic rhinitis (hay fever, mold, and dust allergies)  Anaphylaxis  Angioneurotic edema  Drug fevers  Insect bite reactions  Urticaria (itching)

11. 11 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Antihistamines: Mechanism of Action  Block action of histamine at H 1 receptor sites  Compete with histamine for binding at unoccupied receptors  Cannot push histamine off the receptor if already bound

12. 12 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Antihistamines: Mechanism of Action (cont’d)  The binding of H 1 blockers to the histamine receptors prevents the adverse consequences of histamine stimulation  Vasodilation  Increased GI and respiratory secretions  Increased capillary permeability

13. 13 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Antihistamines: Mechanism of Action (cont’d)  More effective in preventing the actions of histamine rather than reversing them  Should be given early in treatment, before all the histamine binds to the receptors

14. 14 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Histamine vs. Antihistamine Effects Cardiovascular (small blood vessels)  Histamine effects  Dilation and increased permeability (allowing substances to leak into tissues)  Antihistamine effects  Reduce dilation of blood vessels  Reduce increased permeability of blood vessels

15. 15 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Histamine vs. Antihistamine Effects (cont’d) Smooth muscle (on exocrine glands)  Histamine effects  Stimulate salivary, gastric, lacrimal, and bronchial secretions  Antihistamine effects  Reduce salivary, gastric, lacrimal, and bronchial secretions

16. 16 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Histamine vs. Antihistamine Effects (cont’d) Immune system (release of substances commonly associated with allergic reactions)  Histamine effects  Mast cells release histamine and other substances, resulting in allergic reactions  Antihistamine effects  Binds to histamine receptors, thus preventing histamine from causing a response

17. 17 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Antihistamines: Other Effects  Skin  Reduce capillary permeability, wheal-and-flare formation, itching  Anticholinergic  Drying effect that reduces nasal, salivary, and lacrimal gland secretions (runny nose, tearing, and itching eyes)  Sedative  Some antihistamines cause drowsiness

18. 18 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Antihistamines: Indications  Management of:  Nasal allergies  Seasonal or perennial allergic rhinitis (hay fever)  Allergic reactions  Motion sickness  Parkinson’s disease  Sleep disorders

19. 19 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Antihistamines: Indications (cont’d)  Also used to relieve symptoms associated with the common cold  Sneezing, runny nose  Palliative treatment, not curative

20. 20 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

21. 21 Antihistamines: Adverse Effects  Anticholinergic (drying) effects, most common  Dry mouth  Difficulty urinating  Constipation  Changes in vision  Drowsiness  Mild drowsiness to deep sleep

22. 22 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Antihistamines: Two Types  Traditional  Nonsedating/peripherally acting

23. 23 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Traditional Antihistamines  Older  Work both peripherally and centrally  Have anticholinergic effects, making them more effective than nonsedating drugs in some cases  Examples: diphenhydramine (Benadryl), chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton)

24. 24 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Nonsedating/Peripherally Acting Antihistamines  Developed to eliminate unwanted adverse effects, mainly sedation  Work peripherally to block the actions of histamine; thus, fewer CNS adverse effects  Longer duration of action (increases compliance)  Examples: fexofenadine (Allegra), loratadine (Claritin), cetirizine (Zyrtec)

25. 25 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Antihistamines: Nursing Implications  Gather data about the condition or allergic reaction that required treatment; also assess for drug allergies  Contraindicated in the presence of acute asthma attacks and lower respiratory diseases, such as pneumonia  Use with caution in increased intraocular pressure, cardiac or renal disease, hypertension, asthma, COPD, peptic ulcer disease, BPH, or pregnancy

26. 26 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Antihistamines: Nursing Implications (cont’d)  Instruct patients to report excessive sedation, confusion, or hypotension  Instruct patients to avoid driving or operating heavy machinery; advise against consuming alcohol or other CNS depressants  Instruct patients not to take these medications with other prescribed or over- the-counter medications without checking with prescriber

27. 27 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Antihistamines: Nursing Implications (cont’d)  Best tolerated when taken with meals— reduces GI upset  If dry mouth occurs, teach patient to perform frequent mouth care, chew gum, or suck on hard candy (preferably sugarless) to ease discomfort  Monitor for intended therapeutic effects

28. 28 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Nasal Congestion  Excessive nasal secretions  Inflamed and swollen nasal mucosa  Primary causes  Allergies  Upper respiratory infections (common cold)

29. 29 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Decongestants: Types  Three main types are used  Adrenergics Largest group Largest group Sympathomimetics Sympathomimetics  Anticholinergics Less commonly used Less commonly used Parasympatholytics Parasympatholytics  Corticosteroids Topical, intranasal steroids Topical, intranasal steroids

30. 30 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Decongestants: Types (cont’d)  Two dosage forms  Oral  Inhaled/topically applied to the nasal membranes

31. 31 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Oral Decongestants  Prolonged decongestant effects, but delayed onset  Effect less potent than topical  No rebound congestion  Exclusively adrenergics  Example: pseudoephedrine (Sudafed)

32. 32 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Topical Nasal Decongestants  Topical adrenergics  Prompt onset  Potent  Sustained use over several days causes rebound congestion, making the condition worse

33. 33 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Topical Nasal Decongestants (cont’d)  Adrenergics  phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)  Others  Intranasal steroids  beclomethasone dipropionate  flunisolide (Nasalide)  fluticasone (Flonase)  Others

34. 34 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Nasal Decongestants: Mechanism of Action Site of action: blood vessels surrounding nasal sinuses  Adrenergics  Constrict small blood vessels that supply URI structures  As a result these tissues shrink, and nasal secretions in the swollen mucous membranes are better able to drain  Nasal stuffiness is relieved

35. 35 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Nasal Decongestants: Mechanism of Action (cont’d)  Nasal steroids  Antiinflammatory effect  Work to turn off the immune system cells involved in the inflammatory response  Decreased inflammation results in decreased congestion  Nasal stuffiness is relieved

36. 36 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Nasal Decongestants: Drug Effects  Shrink engorged nasal mucous membranes  Relieve nasal stuffiness

37. 37 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Nasal Decongestants: Indications  Relief of nasal congestion associated with  Acute or chronic rhinitis  Common cold  Sinusitis  Hay fever  Other allergies

38. 38 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Nasal Decongestants: Indications (cont’d)  May also be used to reduce swelling of the nasal passage and facilitate visualization of the nasal/pharyngeal membranes before surgery or diagnostic procedures

39. 39 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Nasal Decongestants: Adverse Effects AdrenergicsSteroids NervousnessLocal mucosal dryness Insomnia and irritation PalpitationsTremors (Systemic effects caused by adrenergic stimulation of the heart, blood vessels, and CNS)

40. 40 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Nasal Decongestants: Nursing Implications  Decongestants may cause hypertension, palpitations, and CNS stimulation—avoid in patients with these conditions  Patients on medication therapy for hypertension should check with their physician before taking over-the-counter decongestants  Assess for drug allergies

41. 41 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Nasal Decongestants: Nursing Implications (cont’d)  Patients should avoid caffeine and caffeine-containing products  Report a fever, cough, or other symptoms lasting longer than a week  Monitor for intended therapeutic effects

42. 42 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Cough Physiology Respiratory secretions and foreign objects are naturally removed by the:  Cough reflex  Induces coughing and expectoration  Initiated by irritation of sensory receptors in the respiratory tract

43. 43 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Two Basic Types of Cough  Productive cough  Congested, removes excessive secretions  Nonproductive cough  Dry cough

44. 44 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Coughing  Most of the time, coughing is beneficial  Removes excessive secretions  Removes potentially harmful foreign substances  In some situations, coughing can be harmful, such as after hernia repair surgery

45. 45 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Antitussives  Drugs used to stop or reduce coughing  Opioid and nonopioid  Used only for nonproductive coughs!  May be used in cases where coughing is harmful

46. 46 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Antitussives: Mechanism of Action Opioids  Suppress the cough reflex by direct action on the cough center in the medulla  Examples:  codeine (Robitussin A-C, Dimetane-DC)  hydrocodone

47. 47 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Antitussives: Mechanism of Action (cont’d) Nonopioids  Suppress the cough reflex by numbing the stretch receptors in the respiratory tract and preventing the cough reflex from being stimulated  Examples:  benzonatate (Tessalon Perles)  dextromethorphan (Vicks Formula 44, Robitussin-DM)

48. 48 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Antitussives: Indications  Used to stop the cough reflex when the cough is nonproductive and/or harmful

49. 49 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Antitussives: Adverse Effects  Benzonatate  Dizziness, headache, sedation, nausea, and others  Dextromethorphan  Dizziness, drowsiness, nausea  Opioids  Sedation, nausea, vomiting, lightheadedness, constipation

50. 50 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Antitussives: Nursing Implications  Perform respiratory and cough assessment, and assess for allergies  Instruct patients to avoid driving or operating heavy equipment because of possible sedation, drowsiness, or dizziness  Patients taking chewable tablets or lozenges should not drink liquids for 30 to 35 minutes afterward

51. 51 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Antitussives: Nursing Implications (cont’d)  Report any of the following symptoms to the caregiver:  Cough that lasts more than a week  A persistent headache  Fever  Rash  Antitussive drugs are for nonproductive coughs  Monitor for intended therapeutic effects

52. 52 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Expectorants  Drugs that aid in the expectoration (removal) of mucus  Reduce the viscosity of secretions  Disintegrate and thin secretions

53. 53 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Expectorants: Mechanisms of Action  Direct stimulation  Reflex stimulation  Final result: thinner mucus that is easier to remove

54. 54 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Expectorants: Mechanism of Action (cont’d)  Reflex stimulation  Drug causes irritation of the GI tract  Loosening and thinning of respiratory tract secretions occur in response to this irritation  Example: guaifenesin

55. 55 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Expectorants: Mechanism of Action (cont’d) Direct stimulation  The secretory glands are stimulated directly to increase their production of respiratory tract fluids

56. 56 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Expectorants: Drug Effects  By loosening and thinning sputum and bronchial secretions, the tendency to cough is indirectly diminished

57. 57 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Expectorants: Indications  Used for the relief of productive coughs associated with:  Common cold  Bronchitis  Laryngitis  Pharyngitis  Coughs caused by chronic paranasal sinusitis  Pertussis  Influenza  Measles

58. 58 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Expectorants: Common Adverse Effects  guaifenesin  Nausea, vomiting, gastric irritation  iodinated glycerol  GI irritation, rash, enlarged thyroid gland

59. 59 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Herbal Products: Echinacea  Reduces symptoms of the common cold and recovery time  Adverse effects  Dermatitis  GI disturbance  Dizziness  Headache

60. 60 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Expectorants: Nursing Implications  Expectorants should be used with caution in the elderly or those with asthma or respiratory insufficiency  Patients taking expectorants should receive more fluids, if permitted, to help loosen and liquefy secretions  Report a fever, cough, or other symptoms lasting longer than a week  Monitor for intended therapeutic effects