1. Respiratory System
SYDNEE IS MY FAV

2. Consists of lungs and air passages
Responsible for:
-Taking in oxygen (gas needed by all body cells)
Removing carbon dioxide (a gas that is a metabolic waste product produced by cells when cells convert food into energy)

3. Parts of the Respiratory System
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Alveoli
Lungs

4. Nose Location of olfactory receptors for sense of smell
Has two openings called nostrils and/or nares which is where air enters
Has a nasal septum, which is a wall of cartilage that divides the nose into two hollow spaces
These hollow spaces are called the nasal cavities

5. Nasal Cavities
Lined with mucous membranes--- helps to trap pathogens and germs
Have a rich blood supply
Air entering the nasal cavity is warmed, filtered, and moistened
Has Cilia which are tiny hairlike structures that filter inhaled air to trap dust and pathogens

6. Pharynx (throat) Air leaves the nose and enters the pharynx
Has three sections
Nasopharynx (upper portion)
Oropharynx (middle section)
Laryngopharynx (bottom section)
This section is what branches into the trachea—which carries air to the lungs and esophagus which carries food to the stomach

7. Larynx (voice box) Lies between the pharynx and trachea
Has nine layers of cartilage, largest is the thyroid cartilage called the “Adam’s apple”
Has two folds called vocal cords
Opening between the vocal cords is called the glottis
As air leaves the lungs, vocal cords vibrate and produce sound
Tongue and lips act on the sound to produce speech
Epiglottis--- piece of cartilage that closes the opening into the larynx during swallowing and prevents food/liquids from entering the respiratory tract

8. Trachea (windpipe)
Tube that extends from the larynx to the center of the chest
Function is to carry air between pharynx and bronchi
Has C shaped cartilage (which are opened on the dorsal (back) surface) that helps keep the trachea opened

9. Bronchi
Trachea divides into two bronchi near the center of the chest--- a right bronchus and a left bronchus
Each bronchus enters a lung and carries air from trachea to lungs
In the lungs the bronchi continue to divide into smaller and smaller bronchi until they finally divide into smaller branches called bronchioles
The smallest bronchioles (called terminal bronchioles) end in air sacs called alveoli

10. Alveoli (Air Sacs) Resembles a bunch of grapes
Adult lungs contain approx. 500 million
Contain a rich network of blood capillaries which allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to be exchanged between blood and lungs
Inner surface of alveoli are covered with surfactant, which is a fatty substance that keeps the alveoli from collapsing

11. Lungs Organs that contain the divisions of the bronchi and aveoli
Right lung has three sections or lobes– superior, middle, and inferior
Left lung only has two sections or lobes-- superior and inferior
So, why is the left lung smaller??????
Each lung is enclosed in a membrane (sac) called Pleura
Pleura has two layers
Visceral pleura is attached to the surface of the lung
Parietal pleura is attached to the chest wall
SPACE BETWEEN THESE TWO LAYERS IS CALLED THE PLEURA SPACE AND IT IS FILLED WITH PLEURAL FLUID THAT LUBRICATES THE MEMBRANES AND PREVENTS FRICTION AS THE LUNGS EXPAND DURING BREATHING

12. BOTH LUNGS (ALONG WITH YOUR HEART AND MAJOR BLOOD VESSELS) ARE LOCATED IN YOUR _______________ CAVITY

13. Ventilation What is ventilation?? Process of breathing
Has two phases– inspiration and expiration
INSPIRATION (inhalation)
Process of breathing in air
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract and enlarge the thoracic cavity, which creates a vacuum
Air rushes in through airways to alveoli, where gas exchange takes place

14. Expiration (exhalation)
Air leaves the lungs
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
Air is forced out of the lungs and air passages

15. Respiration
What is respiration?
What controls respiration?

16. Stages of Respiration 2 main stages
External respiration-- exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and bloodstream
Internal respiration– exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the tissue cells and bloodstream
Show video – You tube by McKeckles

17. Diseases of Respiratory System
Asthma
Usually caused by sensitivity to an allergen such as dust, pollen, animals, medications, or foods
Stress, overexertion, and infections can also cause an asthma attack
Symptoms
Occur when bronchospasms narrow openings of bronchioles, mucus production increases, and edema develops in mucosal lining
Dyspnea and wheezing
Coughing with expectoration of sputum
Tightness in chest

18. Treatment
Bronchodilators to enlarge the bronchioles
Epinephrine and anti-inflammatory medications
Oxygen therapy
**** Identification and elimination of allergens is important to prevent asthma attacks ****

19. Bronchitis Inflammation of the bronchi and bronchial tubes
Acute bronchitis
Usually caused by and infection
Sx- productive cough, dyspnea, rales (bubbly/noisy breath sounds), chest pain, fever
Tx- antibiotics, expectorants to remove excess mucus, rest, increase fluids
Chronic bronchitis
Occurs after frequent attacks of acute bronchitis and long term exposure to pollutants or smoking
Signs- chronic inflammation, damaged cilia, enlarged mucous glands
Sx- Excessive mucus resulting in productive cough, wheezing, dyspnea, chest pain
Tx- (NO CURE) antibiotics, bronchodilators, respiratory therapy

20. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Any chronic lung disease that results in obstruction of the airways
Disorders such as chronic asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and tuberculosis lead to COPD
Smoking is the primary cause, but allergens and chronic respiratory infections are also factors
TX- bronchodilators, mucolytics, cough meds
Prognosis is poor because damage to the lungs causes a deterioration of pulmonary function leading to respiratory failure and death

21. Emphysema
Noninfectious chronic respiratory condition
Occurs when walls of the alveoli deteriorate and lose their elasticity (CO2 remains trapped in the alveoli/ poor exchange of gases)
Most common causes are heavy smoking and prolonged exposure to air pollutants
Sx: Dyspnea and a feeling of suffocation, pain and a barrel chest, chronic cough, cyanosis, rapid respirations with prolonged expiration, eventual respiratory failure and death
Tx (NO CURE)
Avoid smoking, bronchodilators, breathing exercises prompt treatment of respiratory infections, O2 therapy and respiratory therapy

22. Epistaxis Occurs when capillaries in nose become congested and bleed
Causes: Injury, hypertension, chronic infections, blood diseases
Tx: Compress nostrils, elevate head and tilt it slightly forward, apply cold compresses, may have to do nasal pack

23. Influenza *** FLU VACCINE ***
Highly contagious viral infection of upper respiratory system with a sudden onset
Sx: chills, fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose, muscle pain, fatigue
Tx: bed rest, fluids, analgesics for pain, antipyretics for fever
*** FLU VACCINE ***
Different viruses every year
Yearly vaccine

24. Laryngitis
Inflammation of the larynx and vocal cords, frequently occurs with other respiratory infections
Sx: hoarseness or loss of voice, sore throat, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
Tx: rest, fluids, limit use of voice, meds if infection present

25. Lung Cancer Leading cause of cancer death in men and women
A preventable disease because the main cause is exposure to carcinogens in tobacco through smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke
Sx: none in the early stages, chronic cough, coughing up blood tinged sputum, dyspnea, chest pain, fatigue, and weight loss
**Prognosis is poor since disease is usually advanced before it is diagnosed
Tx: surgical removal of the cancerous sections, radiation, and/or chemotherapy

26. Pleurisy Inflammation of pleura
Usually occurs with pneumonia or other infections
Sx: sharp, stabbing pain while breathing, dyspnea, fever
Tx: rest, pain meds, if fluid collects in the pleural space- a thoracentesis (withrawal of fluid through a needle) is done to remove fluid

27. Pneumonia
Inflammation or infection of the lungs with a buildup of fluid in the alveoli
Usually caused by a bacteria, virus, chemicals
Sx: chills, fever, chest pain, productive cough, dyspnea, fatigue
Tx: bedrest, Ox therapy, fluids, antibiotics, respiratory therapy, pain meds

28. Rhinitis Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane
Sx: runny nose, watery eyes, sneezing, soreness, congestion
Causes: infections and allergens
Tx: fluids, meds to relieve congestion

29. Sinusitis Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the sinuses
Usually caused by a bacteria or virus
Sx: headache, pressure, dizziness, thick nasal discharge and congestion
Tx: antibiotics, pain meds, decongestants, surgery in chronic sinusitis to open the cavities and encourage drainage

30. Sleep Apnea
Condition in which an individual stops breathing while asleep, causing a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels
2 main kinds:
Obstructive sleep apnea: caused by blockage in air passage that occurs when muscles that keep airway open relax and allow the tongue and palate to block the airway
Central sleep apnea: caused by a disorder in the brain’s respiratory control center (Tx: meds to stimulate breathing)

31. Sleep apnea (con’t) More common in men
Risk factors include: obesity, hypertension, smoking, alcohol, use of sedatives
Diagnosed when more than five periods of apnea lasting at least ten seconds each occur during an hour of sleep
Periods of apnea lower the blood oxygen level; causes the brain to awaken the individual, who then gasps for air and snores loudly; interruption of the sleep cycle leads to excessive tiredness/drowsiness during the day

32. Sleep apnea (con’t)
Tx: lose weight, abstain from smoking, alcohol, sedatives; sleep on side or stomach
In severe cases CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) is used to deliver pressure to the airway to keep it open while person sleeps
Mask fits securely against the face
Tubing connects the mask with a blower device that can be adjusted to deliver air at different levels of pressure

33. Tuberculosis (TB)
Infectious disease of the lungs caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Sx: fatigue, chest pain, fever, night sweats, weight loss, coughing up blood
Tx: Admin. of drugs for one or more years to destroy the bacteria, good nutrition, rest

34. Upper Respiratory Infection
Common cold– inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the upper respiratory tract
Sx: fever, runny nose, watery eyes, congestion, sore throat, hacking cough
Tx: no cure, sx may last up to a week; take meds for fever, rest, increase fluids, take meds to relieve congestion