1. BACTERIA

2. Bacteria  Small in size, no nucleus or membranous organelles  Cell wall  Cocci  Bacilli  Spirilla  Vibrios  Gram-positive  Gram-negative

3. Examples of bacterial diseases  Streptococcal sore throat, chlamydia, bronchitis, bacterial meningitis, gonorrhea, syphilis, TB, some pneumonias, e. coli, Lyme disease  Bacteria may secrete toxins or enzymes that destroy cells or interfere with cell funtion.

4. Anthrax  Bacteria that, in some cases, leads to death  B. anthracic  Three types: cutaneous, gastrointestinal, inhalation (or respiratory)

5. Anthrax continued  Lives in soil  Humans become infected by handling infected products.  Highly contagious but…  Good news… It is rare in the U.S.  Symptoms:  Fever >100, flu-like symptoms, cough, chest discomfort, sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes, headaches, nausea, a sore that starts as a raised bump

6. Anthrax Treatment and Prevention  Antibiotics soon after infection is vital  Vaccine is available but not widely distributed.  Anthrax as bioterrorism threat.

7. Cholera  V. cholerae found in shallow wells, rivers, and streams – easily spread  Not possible to spread from person to person  Spreads through dense populations due to lack of cleanliness

8. Cholera  WHO: estimates that 3-5 million cases occur each year  100,000 deaths  Approximately 1 in 20 (5%) will develop severe disease and die.

9. Cholera symptoms  Profuse watery diarrhea  “rice-water stools”  Vomiting  Rapid heart rate  Loss of skin elasticity  Dry mucous membranes  Low blood pressure  Thirst  Muscle cramps  Irritability

10. Cholera Treatment and Prevention  Treatment  Liquid Replacement Therapy  Antibiotics / Vaccine  Prevention  Drink only bottled, boiled, or treated water  Wash hands!  Be careful of foods  Dispose of feces

11. e. coli  E. coli normally live in the intestines.  Most strains of e. coli are harmless  Harmful e. coli are transmitted through contaminated food, water, or contact with infected person.

12. E. coli symptoms  Severe stomach cramps  Diarrhea (usually bloody)  Vomiting  Fever (low grade)  Treatment / Prevention

13. Salmonella

14. Salmonella continued  42,000 cases reported every year.  Causes diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps  A result of contaminated food, water, or contact with infected animals.

15. Salmonella in the news…  Current salmonella outbreak in peanut butter.  Affecting 19 states so far

16. Preventing Salmonella  Cook poultry, ground beef and eggs thoroughly  Some foods not that obvious  Thoroughly wash produce  Watch for cross contamination  Wash your hands.

17. Botulism  Caused by Clostridium botulinum bacteria  Rare but serious – causes paralysis if left untreated.  Five types of botulism:  Foodborne  Wound  Infant  Adult intestinal  Iatrogenic

18. Botulism continued  Botulism is found in soil  145 cases reported each year  15% Foodborne  65% Infant  20% wound

19. Botulism  Symptoms include:  Double vision, blurred vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, muscle weakness.  Antitoxin is available for treatment

20. Botulism prevention  Proper food handling  Especially in food preservation  Be wary of dented, bulging cans  Botulism’s not all bad….

21. Tetanus  Acute, often fatal, disease caused by an exotoxin from Clostridium tetani bacteria.  Usually enters the body through a wound  The most common form of tetanus is generalized tetanus.

22. Tetanus  First sign is trismus or lockjaw, then stiffness of the neck, difficulty swallowing and finally rigidity of abdominal muscles.  Treatment / Prevention:  Clean wounds thoroughly  Get vaccinated Need booster every 10 years.

23. Pertussis  AKA: Whooping cough or 100 day cough  Bordetella pertussis  Was one of the most common childhood diseases and major cause of childhood mortality

24. Pertussis  Starts out like a cold  But cough becomes more severe  Cough characterized by high pitch whoop.  Child may turn cyanotic, cough more at night, or even vomit due to coughing attack.

26. Streptococcus  Strep throat  Sore throat for more than 1 week  Temperature >100.4  Pus on back of throat  Possible rash  However:  Most sore throats are not caused by bacteria

27. Antibiotics  Target bacterial cell wall  Target cell membrane  Inhibit protein synthesis targets in bacterial machinery  Interfere with bacterial metabolism, DNA, and RNA synthesis

28. Antibiotic Resistance  “One of the world’s most pressing public health problems.” (CDC, 2012)  What exactly is it?  Factors:  Parental pressure  Allergies  Farming  Time / money

29. “Friendly” Bacteria  Most bacteria are non-pathogenic  Some bacteria are beneficial  Ex: Bacteria keeps yeast in check.  Antibiotics kill bacteria; yeast infection occurs

30. What about yogurt?  Yogurt with live acidophilus cultures:  Help protect “good” bacteria  Limits stomach upset

31. Probiotics  Probiotics: “live microorganisms, which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host.” (Chiodo, 2011, pg. 1)  Dates back to Roman times  Much more popular now  Found in certain foods:  Yogurt, fermented and unfermented milk, kefir, miso, tempeh, some juices, soy beverages.

32. Prebiotics  “Non-digestible food ingredients that selectively stimulate the growth and/or activity of beneficial microorganisms already in people’s colons.” (Chiodo, 2011, pg. 6)  Found in artichokes, bananas, barley, berries, chicory, garlic, honey, legumes, leeks, oats, and onions.