1. RESTRAINTS

2. INTRODUCTION

3. Children may need to be restrained for some diagnostic procedures, therapeutic procedures or during the physical examination and sometimes to protect from an injury
An appropriate safe and comfortable restraint should be selected. The restraint may be provided manually with help of some device

4. PURPOSE

5. To carry out the physical examination
To provide the safety to child
To protect the child from injury
To complete the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures
To maintain the child in prescribed position
To reduce the discomfort of child during some tests and procedures like specimen collection

6. ARTICLES NEEDED

7. Baby blanket or draw sheet

8. 4” bandages for clove hitch knot

9. Cotton pads

10. Restraint cloths with pocket

11. Wooden plastic sticks (spatula) to keep in for elbow restraint

12. Scissors to cut the bandage

13. Jacket for jacket restraint

14. Adhesive tape to fix the bandage

15. POINTS TO
REMEMBER
WHILE
RESTRAINING

16. Always select the safe and appropriate restraint
Restraint should not be too tight; it should not interfere with the normal circulation
Use appropriate cotton pads for maintaining the comfort of child
Restraint should demonstrate to the child, on the child doll to gain the cooperation and reduce the anxiety
Explain the restraint and it to comportment that the child should be able to understand

17. Always maintain comfort to the child and maintain body alignment
Open the restraint knot, when the side rails are eased to prevent traction
Observe the restraint every minutes to prevent any complications

18. Change the side of child to prevent pressure sore
Do not give too much tight knot. It should be easily releasable
Do not provide purposeless restraining
Do the recording and reporting properly

19. TYPES OF
RESTRAINING

20. Mummy restraint

21. Mummy restraint is used for the children to restrict the moment of limbs
It is used to the children for examination, procedure and treatment of head, neck and face is required
For example like scalp vein puncture, ear examination, and eye irrigation, gastric and gastric lavage

22. PROCEDURE
Take blanket or draw sheet and spread it our the bed or table
One corner of a small blanket is folded over
The infant is paced on the blanket with the neck at the edge of the fold
Keep one hand of baby near the body and wrap the baby,s body by holding the corner of the sheet and tuck it under the body in opposite side

23. Now place another hand near the body and wrap the childs body by holding another corner of sheet and tuck it
Now take the rounded sheet at bottom near the leg and fold it towards the chest and tuck it upper level of sheet or we can pin it at lower of sheet
It restrict all extremities

25. ELBOW AND KNEE RESTRAINT
Elbow and knee restraint is used to control the flexion of elbow and knee
In this a readymade cloth with 6-10 pockets is used
Place the cotton on sides of elbow and knee and the knee the wooden or plastic strips on pocket cloth. These pockets are vertical

27. Place the cloth on elbow and knee and adjust it with central location and tie the both side strips properly
This elbow restraint is used in case of face and head surgeries
Cleft lip and cleft palate, scalp vein infusion, heart injuries and sutures are good examples of using this elbow restraint

28. ABDOMINAL RESTRAINT
This restraint is used to hold the infant in a supine position on the bed
Abdominal restraint should not be too light, so that it cannot interfere with respiration and bowel movement
For this restraint, use wide size wooden strips
Place the cotton pad appropriately to provide the proper comfort

29. Extremity Restraint (Ankle & Wrist restraint)
This involve the extremity (one or more) restraint to complete some procedures
It is used to immobilize the extremities
These are various method uses for ankle and wrist restraint

30. CLOVE HITCH KNOT RESTRAINT
It used to immobilize the leg or arm
The material for clove hitch can be soft cloth, crepe bandage and inch wide gauze bandage
First apply the cotton pad over the wrist, ankle to provide comfort

31. Prepare a figure of “eight” by the bandage and place it on the wrist or in the ankle and tie the bandage by knot
Knot should not be too tight, or too loose
Child can remove the knot, if it is too loose
To tight knot can interfere on blood circulation
The fingers and toes should be checked for discoloration or any skin rashes

32. Finger Restraint

33. It can be completed by making a mitten
The mitten course the all fingers of a hand and restrict the movement of the fingers
The hand can be wrapped by gauze or hand can be put in a bag like pouch and tie it properly at the wrist of child
Finger restraint is used in case of facial surgeries, burns, intravenous infusion, any eczema of face and body parts
Keep the mitten soft and it should not interfere circulation

34. Crib-net restraint

35. In this a net is used to cover the child cot
Net is attached to the cot frame
This net restraint is used to prevent the children climbing over the side rails of cot
Inside the crib net, the child is totally free to move, no movement is restricted
It mainly prevents the child to climb and fall from the side rails cot

36. Jacket Restraint
In this method, a jacket made up of soft cloth and leather is used
This jacket has laces at the back and two long strips
The laces are tied at back and long strips tie at the side below the rails under the mattress
Child can sit and sleep in supine position while wearing jacket
It can use on chair also

37. This restraint is used to avoid the child from climbing over the side rails, climbing out from chair, bed, cot, etc.
It prevent the child from fall and injury
Some other types eg. Chest restraints are also used for children who are sitting on a chair or wheel chair to maintain their position and to prevent them from fall and injury

38. Safety Belts

39. These are made up of electrically non-conductive material
These belts are used on stricter and operation labels to prevent the children from falling
The belts go around the childs waist and tied to the frame of bed under the mattress

40. Side Rails

41. The rails are made up of iron or steel
These can be raised when ever need arises and can be decreased as per convenience
The main purpose of side rails are to prevent from fall and can be used for other restraints.
These are used for children with convulsive disorders also

42. Splints

43. These are prepared devices which are used to restraint the movements of extremities
These are made up of plastic, card board, hard paper, and cotton and gauze pieces
These can be applied where ever needed

44. COMPLICATIONS OF
RESTRAINTS

45. If restraints are not used properly, it can cause various complications or hazards
It can interfere the child muscular development due to lack movement
If restraint is too tight, it cause obstruction in blood circulation tissue damage, redness, scar formation, discoloration of the skin etc
Dislocation of the shoulder joint may occur if the child struggles during application of arm restraints
Development of pressure sore, if the child is kept restricted for longer period of time and does not have frequent change of position and skin care
Hypostatic pneumonia due to immobility

46. Ischemia or nerve damage due to constrictive restrains
Psychic injury to the child, the child feels that, he/she is punished, attention is self body image
Disturbance in psychosocial development
To avoid from these hazards, the care giver or nurse should follow the safety precautions
Use proper amount of cotton pads, and do not use too tight restraint
Always follow continuous observation on child
If any application occurs release the restraint and consult with doctor
Maintain proper recording and reporting