1. Mariam Keita, OMS III Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine
Vaccinations
Mariam Keita, OMS III
Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine

2. What is a vaccination?
Injection of a killed or weakened organism that produces immunity in the body against that organism
Best defense we have against serious, preventable, and deadly contagious diseases

3. What do we get vaccinated for?
Influenza
Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis
MMR
Hepatitis B
Varicella
Meningococcal
Polio

4. Influenza (“Flu”) Signs and symptoms Cough Fever Chills Runny nose
Sore throat
Muscle pain

5. Influenza (“Flu”) Air borne
Vaccine is recommended for high risk groups
Pregnant women
Elderly
Health care workers
Children
Chronic illnesses (asthma, diabetes, heart disease)
CDC recommends people over the age of 6 months should get vaccinated

6. Influenza Vaccine Injection Intranasal Live vaccine Easy to take
Children might prefer over getting a shot
May offer better protection in children age 2-8
Recommended for healthy individuals age 2-49
Intranasal – not recommended in pregnant, under 2 years old or above 50, history of severe egg allergy

7. Tetanus Disease Signs and symptoms Tetany * Drooling
Excessive sweating
Fever
Difficulty swallowing
Uncontrolled urination or defecation
Hand/foot spasms
Prolonged muscular action causes sudden, powerful, and painful contractions of muscle groups, which is called "tetany"

8. Tetanus Prolonged muscle contractions
Muscle spasms in the jaw (lockjaw)
Other parts of the body
Tetanus Toxin produced by Clostridium tetani (bacteria)
Wound contamination (cut, puncture wound)
Can destroy cells of the nervous system
Associated with objects that accumulate rust

9. Tetanus Disease Prevented by immunization or post exposure prophylaxis
Booster every 10 years
Often administered with vaccines for diphtheria and pertussis (DTaP, Tdap)

10. Diphtheria Signs and Symptoms Sore throat Low Fever Fatigue Horseness
Painful swallowing
Swollen lymph nodes
Pseudomembrane on tonsils (grey) *

11. Diphtheria Upper respiratory tract illness
Caused by Corynebacterium diptheriae (bacteria)
Spread by direct contact or breathing in secretions from infected individual
Diphtheria toxin
Diagnose by isolating bacteria from throat culture
The last person to reported in US was in 2012

12. Pertussis (whooping cough)
Signs and symptoms
Recurrence of cough that is violent
Difficulty breathing
Runny nose
Sneeze
Fever
Fainting/vomiting after cough
Whoop on inspiration *

13. Pertussis Highly contagious respiratory disease Pertussis toxin
Bordetella pertussis (bacteria)
Commonly affects infants and children
Can be fatal in babies less than 1 year old
Adults can get pertussis when their immunity from childhood vaccine wears off over time
Bacterial pneumonia
Culture bacteria from nasal secretions to diagnose

14. Measles Signs and symptoms High fever Koplik spots (in the mouth) *
Cough
Conjunctivitis (red eyes)
Loss of appetite
Spot like rash that covers the body

15. Measles Highly contagious infection of respiratory system by a virus
Spread by direct contact via coughing and sneezing
Rash begins several days after the fever starts (often itchy)
Vaccine given with Mumps and Rubella vaccine
Complications
Pneumonia
Otitis media (ear infection)
Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain)

16. Mumps Signs/symptoms Fever Muscle aches Headache Loss of appetite
Difficulty swallowing or chewing
Swelling of salivary glands (parotid) *

17. Mumps Highly contagious viral illness
Spread from one person to another via respiratory droplets
Also from sharing utensils
Children aged 2-12 are at highest risk
Complications
Orchitis
Meningitis/Encephalitis
Pancreatitis

18. Rubella (German Measles)
Caused by a virus
Respiratory route
Virus can cross the placenta and infect fetus (heart, brain, eye, ear complications)
Congenital rubella syndrome main reason vaccine was developed
Similar symptoms as flu
Main symptom: rash on face that spreads to trunk and limbs
Rash fades after 3 days
Not as severe as measles

19. Hepatitis B Signs and symptoms Jaundice (yellow skin/eyes) *
Nausea/Vomiting
Mild fever
Muscle aches
Dark urine
Abdominal pain

20. Hepatitis B Infection of the Liver caused by Hep B virus
Vaccine: 3 dose series
Can become chronic (6 months)
Liver failure
Liver cancer
Most common reason for liver transplant
Transmission
Mother to child
Sharing needles
Sexual contact
Accidental needle stick

21. Varicella Zoster Signs/ symptoms Fever Headache Loss of appetite
Rash (blister-like) *
Tiredness

22. Varicella “chickenpox”
Viral infection
Air bourne (cough/sneezing)
Itchy blister like rash
Infection usually lasts up to 10 days
Disease is generally mild in healthy children; more severe in adults
Vaccine/ immune if previously infected
2nd dose after 5 years
Can remain dormant and cause shingles in adulthood
Herpes zoster vaccine at age 60

23. Meningococcal Meningitis
Signs / symptoms
Sudden high fever
Nausea/vomiting
Drowsiness
Neck stiffness *
Joint pain
Sensitive to light
Mental status change (confusion)
Septicemia
Fatigue
Vomiting
Cold hands and feet
Cold chills
Severe aches or pain in the muscles, joints, chest or abdomen (belly)
Rapid breathing
Diarrhea
In the later stages, a dark purple rash

24. Meningococcal Meningitis
Neisseria meningitis (bacteria)
Inflammation of meninges
Rare but serious infection
Spread through respiratory/throat secretions (kissing etc.)
Vaccine recommended for all year olds
All first year college students
Can quickly spread where large groups gather
Septicemia
Fatigue
Vomiting
Cold hands and feet
Cold chills
Severe aches or pain in the muscles, joints, chest or abdomen (belly)
Rapid breathing
Diarrhea
In the later stages, a dark purple rash

26. Polio Viral infection Non paralytic vs paralytic
Spread person to person via fecal-oral route
Inflammation of spinal cord grey matter
Can enter CNS, destroy motor neurons
Muscle weakness
Flaccid paralysis
President Franklin D Roosevelt
No cure
Polio Vaccine

27. Questions?

28. A 22 year old female comes to your office complaining about muscle spasms in her foot and hands. She tells you that she stepped on a rusty nail 2 weeks ago. What do you think she has?
Polio
Meningitis
Tetanus
Hepatitis B

29. Mom brings her 5 year old son to the doctor for an itchy rash
Mom brings her 5 year old son to the doctor for an itchy rash. She said that he never got any vaccines. What do you think he has?

30. Which childhood infection can cause shingles in adults later down the line?
Measles
Influenza (the flu)
Rubella
Varicella