1. SOCIAL GROUPS

2. Man is a social animal, he can not live alone
Man is a social animal, he can not live alone. His nature and needs compel him to live in one or the other form of the group.Basis of group is two or more than two persons having some type of interaction i.e. direct or in-direct.

3. ‘A group is an aggregate of individuals which persists in time, which has one or more interests and activities in common and which is organised’.
Green Arnold

4. ‘Whenever two or more individuals come together and influence each other , they may be said to constitute a social group’ O Ogburn and Nimkoff

5. Characteristics Two or more people Social Contact Social relationship
Basis of group formation
Structure of the group
Some form of control
Voluntary or non- Voluntary membership
Duration of the group

6. Classification of the groups
According to C.H.Cooley
Primary group
Secondary group
According to Summner
In-group
Out-group

7. Primary group
In Cooley’s words, “By primary group I mean those characterised by intimate face to face association and co- operation. They are primary in many senses, but chiefly fundamental in forming the social nature and ideals of the individual”.

8. Characteristics of Primary Group
Small size
Physical proximity
Comparatively Stable
Similarty of background
Unspecialized character
Personal relations
Relations are end in themselves
Direct contact

9. Relations are comprehensive(include all aspects)
Relations are spontaneous.
Primary control
Intimate / Close relations
Relations are natural
Similarity of aim
Lack of Specialisation

10. Importance of Primary Group
Helps in developing complete personality of the individual
Maintains control over our functions and behaviour
Helps in the formation of the Proper Standard of social behaviour
Helps in developing good qualities in a individual

11. Provides inner satisfaction to the individual
Incouarages work efficiency
Leads the individual towards humanization
Culture is transmitted
Agency osf Socialization
Satisfy primary needs

12. Centre of recreation
Status is provided to the child
Provides security ( social, economic and psychology)

13. Secondary Groups
Secondary Groups are of special signifance in the modern, complex society. A secondary group is one which is large in size, has a fomal organisation , has a specific aim or objective. These groups depict a cold world, where members may co-operate with one-another, but this co-operation is for achieving their selfish ends.

14. ‘Secondary Groups can be roughly defined as the opposite of every thing already said about primary group.’ Davis
‘The groups which provide experience lacking in intimacy are called secondary groups.’ O Ogburn and Nimkoff

15. Characteristis of Secondary Groups
Big size
In-direct relations
Contractual relationships
Impersonal relations
Partial relations
Satisfy secondary needs
Membership is voluntary
Temporary and permanent

16. Active and inactive members
Formal rules and regulations
Lack of intimate relations
Conscious formation
Hetrogenity in aims
Specialised aim or objective
Stress on selfish interests
Stress on competetion

17. Importance of Secondary Groups
Helps in the specialisation of the personality
Emphasis on efficiency
Provides channels of opportunity
Wider outlook
Cultural advancement
Helpful in bringing fast social/cultural change

18. Provides vast field of social exchange
Helps in the development of civilization
Secondary control is exerted through secondary groups

19. Difference between Primary and Secondary Groups
Size
Relations
Duration
Motive
Intimacy
Development
Area of work
Responsibility

20. Control
Means of control
Nature of association (universal/specific)
Membership
Number
Type of society
Form of association(formal/Informal)

21. Examples
Functions

22. Reference Group
Hymain gave the concept of reference group in 1942, which is found at mental level .One becomes a member of the reference group at psychological level.This is an ideal group for the individual.Infact there are two types of groups:
Membership Group
Reference Group

23. ‘Groups which serve as points of comparision are known as refrence groups’
Ogburn and Nimkoff
Á refrence group is any group which we refer to when making any judgement – any group whose value judgement becomes our value judgement’ Horton and Hunt

24. Elements/Characteristics of Reference Group
Result of high aspirations
One can be a member of one or more than one reference group at the same time
Its identity is based on the perceiver
Reference groups can change
Reference group is always higher in status than the individual

25. Its not necessary that all refrence groups are ideal in social perspective.
They perform a comparision function by serving as a standard against which people can measure themselves and others.

26. THANKS