1. 10
Young Adulthood

2. Physical Development

3. Transition to Adulthood
Accepting responsibility for oneself
Making independent decisions
Becoming financially independent
Cultural variations include:
Israeli’s completing military service
Korean support parents financially
Traditional cultures focus on marriage
L.O and 10.2
Definition of adulthood

4. Aging Begins Changes in aging: Graying hair—begins in young adulthood
Thinning hair
Skin becomes looser, wrinkles appear
Cholesterol and fat begin to accumulate
Immune system ages, reduction of T cells and B cells
L.O. 10.3

5. Overweight and Obesity
Weight gain caused by multiple factors:
Change in Basal metabolic rate
Genetics
Biology
Diet

6. Overweight and Obesity
Countries with highest rates of obesity are wealthiest
Developing countries’ obesity rates are climbing
(Increase in Western type diet)
Highlight

7. Overweight and Obesity
Developed countries have higher obesity rates in lower SES groups
Obesity in developed countries impacted by diet and sedentary work

8. Obesity Consequences Obesity risks and outcomes: High blood pressure
Diabetes
Sleep disorders
Ridicule
Discrimination
L.O. 10.4

9. Importance of Exercise
Exercise effects:
Healthy weight
Increased metabolic rate
Reduced risk of diseases and illness
Lower levels of anxiety
Lack of exercise may be caused by busy pace of modern life

10. Cognitive Development

11. Adult Intelligence
IQ scores and future success are moderately correlated
Lowest scores had work related problems
Highest scores did well in careers
Higher scores (140+) had fewer personal problems and greater occupation success
Different cultures may emphasize different things

12. Cultural Concepts of Intelligence
Cultures vary on what constitutes intelligence
Chinese—intelligence includes humility
Zambia—emphasize cooperativeness
Sternberg’s practical intelligence may be more inclusive cross-culturally
Discuss research with Native Alaskan
L.O. 10.9

13. Cognitive Changes
Two aspects of cognitive development in young adulthood
Expertise—extensive knowledge and skill in a specific field
Exposure to a specific field allows problems to be addressed efficiently
Frontal lobe maturity promotes expertise
L.O What prompts expertise and impacts its development.
and L.O. 10.9

14. Cognitive Changes
Creativity—putting new ideas together in creative ways
With expertise, able to go from problem solving to problem finding
Some rigidity can develop causing creativity to peak in young adulthood
L.O and L.O. 10.9

15. Emotional and Social Development

16. Erikson Intimacy versus isolation is central conflict
May occur after, at the same or before identity development
Gender differences in development
L.O
Discuss the complexities of intimacy development and gender differences between girls and boys

17. Robert Sternberg
Robert Sternberg proposed different types of love based on 3 specific qualities
Passion—physical attraction and sexual desire
Intimacy—closeness and emotional attachment
Commitment—pledge to love over the long run
Combine to form 7 types of love

18. Use the diagram to briefly explain each of the seven types of love
Figure Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love Three components, intimacy, passion, and commitment, are combined in various ways to form seven different types of love. Source: Sternberg (1988), p. 122

19. Figure Changes in Love
The quality that makes up these different loves follows a predictable trajectory
Use figure to talk about the passionate beginning of love and changes.
L.O

20. Marriage Marriage may exist for several reasons:
Uniting people to serve complementary gender roles
Reduces sexual competition
Necessary for the species
Variation between cultures in choice of marriage partners, economics and number of marriage partners

21. Use this table to explain the work of Buss and highlight the cross cultural similarities and differences
Some gender as mentioned in text
Table The Importance of Various Traits in Mate Selection Throughout the World Source: Based on Hatfield & Rapson (2005)

22. Arranged Marriages
Romantic love may not be a basis for marriage for all cultures
Arranged marriages are an alliance between families with love developing after marriage
Commitment first and attachment second
Many traditional cultures are shifting from “arranged” to semi arranged

23. Economics Marriage includes economic transactions in many cultures:
Bride price—substantial gift of money or property from groom and kin to bride and her kin
Bride service—groom is obligated to work for the bride’s family for a time
Dowry—transfer of money or property from bride’s family to the groom
Seen in traditional cultures more than developed countries
Bride’s family paying for wedding possible modern day example of dowry custom

24. Western Marital Roles
Western view of marriage strongly based on intimacy and sexual relationships
Focus on ideal mate could lead to marital dissatisfaction
Use figure to spark discussion about other causes why such a decline

25. Western Marital Roles Factors that predict marital satisfaction:
Realistic expectations
Shared interests
Shared roles and responsibilities
Shared power
Necessary to continually adjust
L.O

26. Divorce Marriage should provide emotional needs of love and intimacy
Expressive divorce can occur if marriage doesn’t provide self-fulfillment
Belief in self-fulfillment in marriage leads to high divorce rate in the U.S.

27. Figure Divorce Peaks in Young Adulthood Notice that the rise is steepest in the early years of marriage, reaching over 30% after 10 years, then continues at a less steep rate in the next 10 years to a cumulative risk of 50% after 20 years. Source: Based on Bramlett & Mosher (2001)

28. Divorce Causes of divorce include
Age at marriage—younger than 25
Divorced parents
Socioeconomic status—conflict and stress over finances
Partner behavior—drinking or drug use, infidelity
Adjustments after divorce hardest in first 1–2 years
L.O

29. Single Adults
Compared to married young adults it was thought being single led to
Increased mental health problems
Physical health problems
Substance abuse
Thorough analysis has shown all these negative effects were overblown

30. Single Adults Ethnic variations exist in singlehood
African Americans have higher rates of cohabitation than other groups
By age 40, 1/3 have never married
In Asian countries (urban) 1/3 of woman are single
In Japan, single young adults are the happiest group
L.O

31. Gay and Lesbian Partnerships
There are similarities between homosexual and heterosexual partnerships
Seek long term relationship
Seek out similar partners and have similar areas of conflict
L.O

32. Gay and Lesbian Partnerships
Differences include
Gay couples tolerate sexual episodes more than lesbian or heterosexual couples
Higher sexual activity
Many differences are fading as acceptance increases
L.O

33. Sexuality in Young Adulthood
Sexual peak occurs
Social acceptance
Implied pressure to have children
Western countries report sexual activity is less about children and more for intimacy
Men report more sexually motivated behaviors than women
L.O
Men reporting of behavior includes masturbation, stimulation, and thoughts about sex more than women

34. Becoming a Parent Traditional countries Developed countries
Becoming a parent is extremely important
Fertility is goal of a woman and men enjoy greater status
Developed countries
Parenting is a choice and may not be extremely important
Parents more likely to be on their own although there are ethnic group differences
Also highlight the extended family for traditional countries

35. Parenting and Marital Relationship
Traditional cultures
Gender roles are well defined and parenting fits the roles
Developing countries
Gender roles less defined but women more likely to have household and childcare duties
Mention buffers of marital satisfaction

36. Single Parent Single motherhood is higher now than 50 years ago
In U.S. there are ethnic and education differences
Use map to talk about ethnic differences in single motherhood and educational attainment differences

37. Single Parent
Use map to talk about ethnic differences in single motherhood and educational attainment differences

38. Single Parenthood Many single mothers cohabitate with a father
May receive assistance from other family members
In some cases gay and lesbian couples who adopt are considered “single” parents
True single mothers may have lower income and increased stress
Highlight definition differences in “single” parenthood
L.O

39. Work Developing occupational goals can occur through 5 stages (Super)
Crystallization—Beyond fantasizing and begin to seek information
Specification—Choices become more focused
Implantation—Completing education that began in previous stage
Stabilization—Establish career
Consolidation—Gain expertise and experience
Mention limitations of theory and how education stretching can alter progression through the stages

40. Influences on Occupational Goals
Choice of occupation is influenced by personality
John Holland describes six personality characteristics
Use table to explain each category
Mention limitations of using the system

41. Table 10.4 Holland’s Theory
Use table to explain each category
Mention limitations of using the system
Table Holland’s Theory

42. Influences on Occupational Goals
Gender impacts occupational choices
Women overrepresented in service sector
Women also more likely to have lower status of a high status occupation
L.O

43. Influences on Occupational Goals
Gender socialization and balancing work and family roles play a part
Women more likely to have to work and take time away to care for family than men
L.O

44. Leisure Activities
Civic involvement goes up as young adults have children and become concerned
May also be impacted by business networking
L.O

45. Leisure Activities
Television plays a role in leisure activities in young adulthood
There is a negative correlation between television watching and community involvement
Since television is not demanding it is attractive to engage in
L.O