1. Motivation Ch 9
PSY 1000

2. Motivation
Process by which activities are started, directed, and continued
Meets our physical and psychological needs or wants
This is what moves us..
Physical need of hunger or thirst would move us to get something to eat or drink
Psychological desire to not be lonely would lead us to call a friend
Anger could lead us to exercise

3. Types of Motivation Extrinsic Motivation Intrinsic Motivation
Perform and action that leads to an outcome outside of self
Work for money
Decreases creativity
Intrinsic Motivation
Perform an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying
Good grades to feel proud
Physical challenges
Becomes ours
If we do not get pleasure in our jobs, we go to soley get money
We may work, but the job becomes ours we feel proud of what we do

4. Approaches to Motivation
Instinct
Biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior
William McDougall proposed 18 instincts for humans
Flight, running away
Aggressiveness
Gathering possessions
Frued Psychoanalytical Theory
Concepts of instincts reside in the id, basic human needs and drives
This theory has faded since it is able to describe the behavior but not explain it
Theorists believed that humans motivation is a reaction to basic instincts, aggression to protect what is ours. Sexual arousal to reproduce
Such as
These theorists did not add more than just names
More and more instinct were added as time when on

5. Approaches to Motivation
Drive Reduction
Behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drive to satisfy need and reduce tension
Primary Drive
Survival needs of the body such as hunger, thirst
Body is in a state of imbalance
Acquired (secondary) Drive
Learned through experience or conditioning
Money
Social approval
Homeostasis
Body maintains a steady state
Does not explain all human behavior
Need is a requirement of some material, food water..money buys both
Drive is the tension created by a need
Primary reinforces
Secondary reinforces
Keep level
Why do we eat when not hungary
Some people unsteady their body..bungy jumping, taking risks

6. Approaches to Motivation
Arousal
The need for stimulation
Curiosity, playing, exploration
People have an optimal level of tension
Some tasks may have a high level of arousal
Anxiety over a test
Nervous over a first date
Maintaining an optimal level may require increasing or decreasing tension
Sensation Seekers
Need more complex and varied sensory experiences than do others
We need to feel challenged. We need to have some level of tension in life to keep moving
I need to have a lot of things at once to stay motivated
Talking to a friend in class is no big deal
Talking in front of the whole class may cause anxiety
Students that travel to other countries
Do crazy things for fun
If you plan things out, low

8. Approaches to Motivation
Incentive
Things that attract or lure people into action
External stimulus and its rewarding properties
No need
No tension
Expectancy-value Theories
Actions of humans cannot be fully understood without understanding the persons beliefs and values
Dessert
We learn from our past. If we have had a bad experience with a certain food, place to eat,

9. Approaches to Motivation
Humanistic
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
Several level of needs to fulfill before a person achieves the highest level of personality fulfillment
Self-actualization the highest level
Person is fully satisfied with all the lower levels in their lives
Seldom reached

10. Food water rest
Cognitive, person learns for the sake of learning
Artistic typical for artistic people, but all beauty is different for each of us
Can shift down. Lose a job, lose a loved one. May think you are on the right path but your understanding is wrong

11. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Many management programs are based on this model
Issues
No concrete research or study
Based on Maslow’s observations
Studies of Americans
Cross cultural needs /order of needs may differ
Self actualization may never be a priority if you have to keep the job you have even if you hate it. That is true in illinois valley

12. Self Determination Theory
Three inborn and universal needs
Help a person gain a complete sense of self and healthy relationships with others
Autonomy
Need to be in control of one’s own behavior and goals
Competence
Need to be able to master the challenging tasks of one’s life
Relatedness
Need to feel a sense of belonging, intimacy, and security in relationships with others
This theory pulls together maslow theory in three small needs
A person can achieve these needs if they are in a supportive environment
We feel good that we are in control

13. Emotions
Feeling aspect of consciousness

14. Physiology of Emotions
When experiencing an emotion
Arousal is created by the sympathetic nervous system
Many emotions have the same physiological response
Heart rate increases
Body temp changes

15. Behavior of Emotions Facial expressions Body movements Actions
Most are culturally universal
Display rules
When the emotion is displayed
Japenese have strict rules of showing emotions in public
Also different among men and women

16. Subjective Experience: Labeling Emotions
Interpreting the feelings by giving it a label
Anger, sad, happy
Learned response influenced by their language and culture
Goal of psychologists engaged in cross cultural research is to understand the meaning of a persons mental and emotional state without interpreting them incorrectly

17. Theories of Emotion Original thought of emotions were Feeling emotion
Behavior that responded to emotion
Event leads to
Arousal leads to
Interpretation or
Emotion or
Reasoning or
Cognitive labels
Below you will see the theories we will discuss
Event can be car accident
Break up
Fight with friend
Losing a game

18. James-Lange Theory Event Arousal Interpretation Emotion
We will read what our body says and then label the emotion

19. Cannon-Bard Theory Event Arousal Emotion
Body responds and we label emotion at the same time

20. Schachter-Singer and cognitive Arousal
Event Arousal Cognitive Labels Emotion
Physical arousal and the labeling must occur before the emotion is experienced

21. Facial Feedback Hypothesis
Event Arousal/change of facial expression Emotion
What our facial expression is will go to the brain and the emotion will intensify
Emotion being expressed can cause the emotion
HAPPY
Happy our brain will send off happy signals

22. Lazarus and the Cognitive-Mediational Theory
Event Interpretation Emotion Arousal
Event causes us to interpret what is going on then we label the emotion and our body responds
As you can see many of these theories have issues and not all of them are fully researched and solid. But each of them do have some validity