1. Dr Atef Masad PhD Biomedicine United Kingdom
Medical Terminology
Dr Atef Masad
PhD Biomedicine
United Kingdom

2. Goal of Course
Communication between medical specialists and supporting staff requires knowledge of a consistent and reproducible vocabulary.
It is important for students to realize that accurate spelling, pronunciation, and usage of medical terms is of extreme importance in the care of a patient.
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Dr Atef Masad

3. 2- Medical terminology for health professions
Textbook:
1- An Introduction to Medical Terminology for Health Care BY Andrew R. Mutton THIRD EDITION.
2- Medical terminology for health professions
Sixth Edition BY ANN EHRLICH and CAROL L. SCHROEDER
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Dr Atef Masad

4. Course Objectives At the end of the course, students will be able to:
Identify and describe the major organ systems of the body.
Describe the major diseases and disorders affecting each body system.
Define word roots, combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes of medical terms.
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5. Master pronunciation and spelling of common medical words.
Define new and unfamiliar words by analyzing the elements of medical terminology.
Master pronunciation and spelling of common medical words.
Evaluate and interpret medical records and other forms of medical communication.
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6. Course Grading Policies:
Midterm exam %
Quizzes %
Semester project %
Final Examination %
100%
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7. Written exams will consist of multiple choice, true-false, and essay questions. A portion of the each exam will be dictated vocabulary where you will be required to furnish the correct spelling and/or definition of a word.
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8. Quizzes will consist of multiple choice and dictation questions
Quizzes will consist of multiple choice and dictation questions. Quizzes will consist of questions taken from the previous week’s material.
The final examination will be a cumulative exam featuring questions from the entire semester and semester projects.
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9. Semester Project:
One of the objectives of the course is to ascertain knowledge of diseases and disorders which affect the major body systems.
The semester project will give the student an opportunity to study and learn about a particular disease state.
The semester project will link the vocabulary you learn throughout the semester to real-life medicine.
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10. Components of the Project:
A written paper describing the disease state. This paper should be no longer than 3 pages, typewritten, size 12 font.
The written paper should include a bibliography in the standard format.
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11. An oral presentation
You will give a minute presentation to the class about your selected disease/topic.
You should stress how the disease presents, how it is diagnosed, what system and organs are affected, how it is treated, and a discussion about how the disease relates to this course.
The presentation may be a poster board or PowerPoint type.
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12. Your presentation should include a one-page original handout about the disease. You should prepare this handout for each member of the class. The final exam will include questions taken from these handouts and presentations.
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14. Four Parts • Word Root – the word part that is the core of the word
• Suffix
– a word part attached to the end of the word root to
modify its meaning
• Prefix
– a word part attached to the beginning of a word
root to modify its meaning
• Combining Vowel
– a word part, usually an “O”
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15. Word Root
• The word root is the word part that is the core of the word
The word root usually refers to a body part.
Some root words are derived from the Latin or Greek language.
– player = play / er
– arthritis = arthr / itis
– hepatitis = hepat / itis
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17. Word Root Examples “dent” means tooth “dermat” means skin
“cardi” means heart
“gastr” means stomach
“pancreat” means pancreas
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18. Suffix
The suffix is a word part attached to the end of the word root to modify its meaning
– player = play / er
– hepatic = hepat / ic
– hepatitis = hepat / itis
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19. Suffixes
A suffix is a word element placed at the end of a word or word root that changes the meaning of the word.
In the terms tonsill/itis, and tonsill/ectomy, the suffixes are
-itis (inflammation)
and -ectomy (excision, removal).
Changing the suffix changes the meaning of the word.
In medical terminology, a suffix usually indicates a procedure, condition, disease, or part of speech.
Many suffixes are derived from Greek or Latin words
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21. Suffixes Denoting Incisions
-centesis puncture arthrocentesis
-ectomy excision, removal appendectomy
-stomy forming an opening (mouth) colostomy
-tome instrument to cut osteotome
-tomy incision, cut into phlebotomy
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22. Suffixes Denoting Reconstructive Surgeries
-desis binding, fixation (of a bone, joint) arthrodesis
-pexy suspension, fixation (of an organ) mastopexy
-rrhaphy suture myorrhaphy
-plasty surgical repair rhinoplasty
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23. Suffixes Denoting Refractururing, Loosening, or Crushing
-clasis break, fracture osteoclasis
-lysis separation, destruction, loosening enterolysis
-tripsy crushing lithotripsy
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24. Diagnostic, Symptomatic, and Related Suffixes
-algia pain cephalalgia
-dynia pain gastrodynia
-cele hernia, swelling hepatocele
-ectasis dilation, expansion bronchiectasis
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25. -emesis vomiting hyperemesis -emia blood condition leukemia
-gen or -genesis forming, producing, origin carcinogen or osteogenesis
-gram record, a writing cardiogram
-graph instrument cardiograph
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26. -iasis abnormal condition cholelithiasis -itis inflammation gastritis
-lith stone, calculus cholelith
-logist specialist in the study of dermatologist
-logy study of psychology
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28. -malacia softening osteomalacia -megaly enlargement hepatomegaly
-meter instrument for recording thermometer
-metry act of measuring pelvimetry
-oid resembling lipoid
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29. -osis abnormal condition, increase dermatosis
-oma tumor adenoma
-osis abnormal condition, increase dermatosis
-para to bear (also a prefix) multipara
-paresis partial paralysis hemaparesis
-pathy disease neuropathy
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30. -penia decrease, deficiency leukopenia
-phagia eating, swallowing dysphagia
-phasia speech aphasia
-philia attraction to hemophilia
-phobia fear claustrophobia
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31. -plasia formation, growth hyperplasia
-plegia paralysis, stroke hemiplegia
-poiesis formation, production hemopoiesis
-ptosis prolapse hysteroptosis
-rrhage or -rrhagia bursting forth hemorrhage or menorrhagia
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32. -rrhea discharge, flow diarrhea -rrhexis rupture angiorrhexis
-scope instrument to view gastroscope
-scopy visual examination gastroscopy
-spasm involuntary contraction blepharospasm
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33. -stasis standing still hemostasis
-stenosis narrowing, stricture arteriostenosis
-toxic poison thyrotoxic
-trophy development, nourishment atrophy
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34. Prefixes
A prefix is a word element attached to the beginning of a word or word root.
Adding or changing a prefix changes the meaning of the word.
The prefix usually indicates a number, time, position, or direction.
Many of the same prefixes found in medical terminology are also found in the English language
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35. Examples – replay = re / play – subhepatic = sub / hepat / ic
– intravenous = intra / ven / ous (within, vein, relating to
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37. Hypoinsulinemia Hypo / insulin / emia
Notice that there is no combining vowel in this word because the prefix ends with a vowel and the suffix begins with a vowel.
Prefix
suffix
Word root
BLOOD
LOW
INSULIN
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38. Prefixes of Position Ante- antepartum, antecubital pre- preoperative
pro- prootic
epi epidermis, epidural, epinephrine
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39. Prefixes of Position hypo- hypodermic, hypoallergenic
infra- infrapubic
sub- subcutaneous, submarine
inter- intercostal, internet
medi- medial, median
meso- mesoderm
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40. Prefixes of Position post- postnatal retro- retroperitoneal 4/13/2017
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41. Prefixes of Number and Measurement
Bi- bilateral
dipl- diplopia
diplo diplococci
hemi- hemiplegia
semi- semicircular
hyper- hyperglycemia
macro- large
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42. Prefixes of Number and Measurement
Micro- microscope
mono- mononuclear
uni- unilateral
multi- multipara
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43. Prefixes of Number and Measurement
Poly- polyphobia, polymer
primi- primigravida
quadri- quadriplegia
tri- triceps
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44. Prefixes of Negation A- asymptomatic an- anesthesia im- impotency
in- insane, insensitive
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45. Prefixes of Direction Ab- abnormal ad- adduction, addition
circum- circumoral, circumference
peri- periosteitis, perimeter
ec- ectopia
ex- excise
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46. Prefixes of Direction Dia- diarrhea trans- transfusion ecto- ectoderm
exo- exotropia
extra- extraocular
endo- endocardium
intra- intradermal
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47. Prefixes of Direction Para- paranasal super- supersensitive
supra- suprarenal
anti- antibacterial
contra- contraception
brady- slow
dys- dyspepsia
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48. Prefixes of Direction Eu- eupnea hetero- different homo- homosexual
mal- malnutrition
pan- panhysterectomy, panacea
pseudo- pseudoplegia
syn- synarthrosis, synthesis
tachy- tachypnea
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49. Combining Vowel The combining vowel is a word part, usually an
“o” and is used:
– between word roots
– between a word root & a suffix to ease pronunciation
– thermometer = therm / o / meter
– arthropathy = arthr / o / pathy
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50. – The combining vowel is used to ease pronunciation;
Oste / o / arthr / it is
– The combining vowel is used to ease pronunciation;
therefore, not all medical terms have combining vowels.
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Dr Atef Masad

51. Combining form A combining form is a word root with the
combining vowel attached, separated by a vertical slash
it is not a word part, rather it is the association of the word root and the combining vowel.
To analyze a medical term divide it into word parts, label each word part, and label the combining forms.
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52. Combining Forms Combining forms consist of a combining vowel.
The combining vowel is usually an “o”, but others may be used.
IE: gastr / o pronounced GASTRO.
Combining vowel
Word root
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54. Guidelines Guideline # one
– When connecting a word root and a suffix, a combining vowel is usually not used if the suffix begins with a vowel. Hepat / ic
– When connecting two word roots, a combining vowel is usually used even if vowels are present at the junction.
A word root cannot stand alone. A suffix must be added to complete the term.
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55. Word-Building System
By understanding the meanings of word roots, one can determine the meaning of complex medical terms by putting together the smaller parts.
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56. Word Roots: Leuk / (white) cyt / (cell) Combining Vowel / o /
Leukocytopenia
Word Roots: Leuk / (white)
cyt / (cell)
Combining Vowel / o /
Suffix: / penia (decrease)
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Dr Atef Masad

57. This is to make pronunciation easier. Word root: scler / (hardening)
A combining vowel is used between a word root and a suffix that begins with a consonant (not a vowel).
This is to make pronunciation easier.
Word root: scler / (hardening)
Suffix: / derma (skin)
Term: Scler / o / derma (hardening of the skin)
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Combining vowel
Dr Atef Masad

58. Review
A combining vowel IS used to link one root to another root, and before a suffix that begins with a consonant.
A combining vowel IS NOT used before a suffix that begins with a vowel.
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59. Defining Medical Words
Here are the three basic rules for defining medical words using the example term gastroenteritis.
Rule #1
Define the suffix, or last part of the word. In this case, -itis, which means inflammation.
Rule #2
Define the first part of the word (which may be a word root, combining form, or prefix). In this case, the combining form gastr/o means stomach.
Rule #3
Define the middle parts of the word. In this case, enter/ means intestine.
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60. Defining Medical Words
When you analyze gastroenteritis following the three previous rules, the meaning is revealed as:
1. inflammation (of)
2. stomach (and)
3. intestine
Thus, the definition of gastroenteritis is “inflammation (of) stomach (and) intestine.”
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Dr Atef Masad

61. Building Medical Words
There are three basic rules for building medical words.
Rule #1
A word root links a suffix that begins with a vowel.
Rule #2
A combining form (root + o) links a suffix that begins with a consonant.
Rule #3
Use a combining form to link a root to another root to form a compound word.
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