1. Chapter 15
WAVES

2. Waves a disturbance that transfers energy through matter or a medium.

3. Waves - waves transfer energy Most waves are caused
Most waves are caused
by vibrating objects.

4. Types of Waves a wave that requires a medium to travel through. Ex.
1. Mechanical wave -
a wave that requires a medium to
travel through.
Ex.
Sound, ocean waves,earthquake waves

5. Types of Waves a wave that does NOT require a medium to
2. Electromagnetic wave -
a wave that does NOT require a medium to
travel through.
- these pass though by magnetic fields or electromagnetic fields
Ex.
light

6. Wave Forms
1. Transverse waves -
a wave that causes the particles to vibrate perpendicular to the direction the wave travels
Ex.
Stadium wave, radio waves,
Heat waves,

7. Wave Forms
2. Longitudinal waves -
a wave that causes the particles of the medium to vibrate parallel to the direction the wave travels.
Ex.
Sound wave, compression wave

8. Wave Forms
3. Surface waves -
– particles move both perpendicular and parallel to the direction in which the wave travels.
Ex.

9. Sound Wave – require a medium to travel through. - longitudinal waves
- causes the particles of the medium to vibrate parallel to the direction the wave travels.

10. Wave Properties Determines the type and color of the wave. Wavelength-
The distance between any one point on a wave to an identical point on
next wave.
Determines the type and color of the wave.

11. Wave Properties - crest The top of a wave - trough-
The bottom of a wave

12. Wave Properties Amplitude
Half the distance from the crest and the trough.
- determines the loudness of the sound.

13. Wave Properties period -
The time it takes a complete wavelength or wave oscillation to occur.
- same distance as the wavelength.

14. Wave Properties frequency -
How many waves created in a given time; the number of cycles or vibrations in a given time.
- SI label is Hertz (Hz)
- determines the pitch of the sound.
- high frequency = high pitch.

15. Frequency wave

16. Wave Speed
Wave speed (v)- the speed of a wave is equal to wavelength divided by period, or frequency multiplied by wavelength.
Two ways you can find wave speed:
- wave speed (v) = wavelength/period OR
v = frequency x wavelength

17. Wave Speed
Ex. Waves passing by a pier have a frequency of .5 Hz and a wavelength of 10 m. What is the wave speed?

18. Determinates of wave speed:
-The medium determines the speed of the wave.
Ex. Sound: travels fastest in solid (15-20 x faster than air)
travels fast in liquid
travels slowest in air (about 340 m/s)
Ex. Light: travels fastest in empty space
(c = 3 x108 m/s or 186,000 mi/s)
slows down when it has to go through air or water

19. Determinates of wave speed:
Kinetic energy explains this.
In air, molecules are far apart and won’t hit one another quickly.
In solids, they are very close and will easily hit (vibrate) one another.

20. Doppler Effect
Doppler effect – an observed change in frequency of a wave when the source or observer is moving.

21. Doppler Effect
As the ambulance is coming towards you, the siren sound is hitting you quicker, so the pitch is higher. As the ambulance is going away from you, the siren sound is going away, so it takes longer to hit your eardrum, so the pitch is lower.

22. Wave Interactions
What happens when a wave meets an object or another wave?
Waves can reflect, diffract, refract or interfere

23. Reflection
Reflection-The bouncing back of a wave when it meets a surface or boundary
Examples:
Water waves reflect off the side of a boat
Light waves reflect off the surface of a lake

24. Diffraction
Diffraction-A change in the direction of a wave when the wave meets an obstacle (ex. An opening)
Examples:
Sound waves diffract around corners
Water waves diffract around rocks

25. Refraction
Refraction-The bending of a wave when it passes between 2 mediums in which the speed of the wave differs
Example: Straw in water

26. Interference
Interference-The combination of 2 or more waves that result in a single wave

27. Interference
Constructive interference-The combination of 2 or more waves that produce a wave with an increased amplitude
Destructive interference-The combination of 2 or more waves that produce a wave with a decreased amplitude

28. Interference

29. Interference: Sound Waves
Interference of sound waves produce beats
Beats-A pattern of alternating loud and soft sounds

30. Interference: Light Waves